Table 2.
Questionnaire responses as a function of group membership.
| SUD (n = 40) | OUD (n = 20) | CTL (n = 30) | Statistics | Three Group Differences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Ratings | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
| PHQ-9 Depression1 | 5.52 (5.10) | 7.35 (6.28) | 0.70 (1.12) | K-W p < .001; p = .262 | Users > CTL |
| ASI-3 Subscales | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | Wilk’s λ(6, 170) = 4.01, p = .001 | |
| Cognitive1 | 2.93 (3.86) | 4.30 (5.43) | 0.27 (0.64) | K-W p < .001; p = .632 | Users > CTL |
| Physical1 | 3.55 (4.21) | 5.45 (5.85) | 1.00 (1.62) | K-W p < .01; p = .242 | Users > CTL |
| Social1 | 7.58 (5.42) | 9.70 (6.97) | 3.43 (3.14) | K-W p < .001; p = .282 | Users > CTL |
| MAIA Subscales | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | Wilk’s λ(16, 260) = 2.53, p < .001 | |
| Attention Regulation | 2.64 (0.97) | 3.00 (0.85) | 3.44 (0.74) | ANOVA p = .001 | CTL > SUD |
| Body Listening | 2.33 (1.11) | 2.03 (1.54) | 2.50 (1.54) | ANOVA p = .50 | None |
| Emotional Awareness | 3.44 (0.95) | 3.15 (1.17) | 3.29 (0.98) | ANOVA p = .57 | None |
| Not-Distracting | 2.03 (0.95) | 2.00 (0.91) | 2.12 (1.14) | ANOVA p = .90 | None |
| Noticing | 3.39 (0.92) | 3.19 (0.76) | 3.58 (0.93) | ANOVA p = .31 | None |
| Not-Worrying | 2.65 (1.07) | 2.90 (0.94) | 3.59 (0.93) | ANOVA p = .001 | CTL > Users |
| Self-Regulation | 2.84 (0.96) | 2.85 (1.36) | 3.48 (1.02) | ANOVA p = .04 | CTL > Users |
| Trusting | 3.11 (1.01) | 3.18 (1.42) | 4.00 (0.97) | ANOVA p < .01 | CTL > Users |
Note. M = mean. SD = standard deviation. SUD = current stimulant use disorder. OUD = current opioid use disorder. CTL = healthy comparisons.
1
sphericity assumption violated so non-parametric test results (Kruskal-Wallis; K-W) are reported.
2
healthy comparisons excluded from this particular analysis. PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire. ASI-3 = Anxiety Sensitivity Index. MAIA = Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness.