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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ear Hear. 2020 Jul-Aug;41(4):720–732. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000802

TABLE 2. Statistical comparisons between children with and without hearing loss.

Results of overall hearing category comparison, controlling for age (ANCOVA; p), with post-hoc, pair-wise comparisons (p) and effect sizes (Cohen’s d). Symm and Asymm are relevant only to those with minimal or mild hearing loss. Significant overall comparisons (p < 0.05) in bold.

Minimal hearing loss Overall Symm/Normal Asym/Normal Symm/Asym

p d p d p d p
Speech-in-noise (VCV) 0.003 0.21 0.010 0.31 0.012 −0.10 0.487

Temporal (BM0) 0.226 0.09 0.267 0.18 0.157 −0.08 0.559
Temporal (BM50) 0.016 0.15 0.077 0.30 0.015 −0.15 0.289
Temporal (TR) 0.532 −0.08 0.333 −0.08 0.514 0.00 0.998
Temporal (FD) 0.574 0.05 0.528 0.12 0.371 −0.06 0.673
Spectral (SM) 0.006 0.13 0.109 0.36 0.003 −0.23 0.113
Spectral (SMN) 0.243 −0.04 0.642 0.19 0.117 −0.23 0.104
Spectral (FR) 0.170 0.15 0.070 0.08 0.499 0.07 0.631

Intrinsic Attention 0.752 0.06 0.476 0.04 0.759 0.02 0.882
Extrinsic Attention 0.318 −0.09 0.278 −0.14 0.250 0.05 0.710
Extrinsic Visual 0.558 −0.02 0.826 −0.13 0.283 0.11 0.420
Intelligence (NVIQ) 0.366 −0.08 0.357 −0.14 0.248 0.07 0.635
Working memory (Digits) 0.187 −0.09 0.284 −0.19 0.115 0.11 0.454
Language (pseudoword rep) 0.015 −0.24 0.004 −0.04 0.730 −0.19 0.168
Reading (words) 0.330 −0.09 0.263 −0.13 0.282 0.04 0.771
Reading (pseudowords) 0.241 −0.12 0.144 −0.12 0.333 0.002 0.987

Communication (GCC)* 0.519 −0.08 0.378 −0.11 0.422 0.03 0.853
Listening (CHAPPS)* 0.589 −0.09 0.366 −0.08 0.569 −0.005 0.977

Mild hearing loss Overall Symm/Normal Asym/Normal Symm/Asym
p d p d p d p
Speech-in-noise (VCV) <0.001 0.48 <0.001 0.63 <0.001 −0.15 0.492

Temporal (BM0) 0.008 0.24 0.101 0.48 0.006 −0.24 0.281
Temporal (BM50) <0.001 0.60 <0.001 0.64 <0.001 −0.04 0.855
Temporal (TR) 0.291 −0.22 0.122 −0.06 0.731 −0.16 0.475
Temporal (FD) 0.254 0.22 0.133 0.14 0.452 0.08 0.721
Spectral (SM) 0.850 −0.06 0.687 0.07 0.699 −0.13 0.573
Spectral (SMN) 0.003 0.36 0.011 0.43 0.020 −0.06 0.777
Spectral (FR) 0.007 −0.26 0.071 −0.48 0.008 0.22 0.331

Intrinsic Attention 0.511 −0.006 0.966 0.20 0.248 −0.20 0.349
Extrinsic Attention 0.216 0.18 0.213 0.22 0.200 −0.04 0.841
Extrinsic Visual 0.928 0.03 0.816 0.05 0.751 −0.02 0.921
Intelligence (NVIQ) 0.080 −0.26 0.068 −0.24 0.168 −0.02 0.927
Working memory (Digits) 0.002 −0.32 0.023 −0.49 0.004 0.17 0.435
Language (pseudoword rep) 0.004 −0.19 0.167 −0.53 0.002 0.33 0.129
Reading (words) <0.001 −0.47 <0.001 −0.35 0.049 −0.12 0.577
Read (pseudowords) 0.001 −0.48 <0.001 −0.27 0.131 −0.21 0.346

Communication (GCC)* 0.438 −0.16 0.336 −0.19 0.375 0.02 0.927
Listening (CHAPPS)* 0.125 −0.30 0.088 −0.25 0.241 −0.05 0.860