TABLE 3.

Comparison of mother-to-child transmission rates by exclusive formula feeding, frozen-thawed breastmilk feeding and breastfeeding.

Author, year	Study area	Study.period	Exclusive formula feeding	Frozen-thawed breast milk feeding		Breastfeeding		Study Design
			Seroconversion n/N (%)	Inclusion	Seroconversion n/N (%)	Inclusion	Seroconversion n/N (%)e
Maehama et al., 1992	Okinawa, Japan	1986–1989	0/46(0%)	12 h freezing in a home freezer	2/26 (7.7%)	0–4 months	4(4.2%)	Retrospective
						5–8 months	2(7.4%)
						9–12 months	1(4.2%)
						≥13 months	3(16.7%)
Ekuni, 1997	Okinawa, Japan	1983–1984	5/108(4.6%)	12 hfreezing at −20°C	0/33 (0%)	NA	13(41.9%)	Retrospective

NA: not applicable.