Table 1.
Common antimicrobial neuropeptides.
| Neuropeptide | Origin | Sequence | Antimicrobial Activity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neuropeptide Y (NPY) | Human | Pro-neuropeptide Y (30–64) | Against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and parasites [114] |
| Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) | Human | Calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 (83–119) | Against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi [31] |
| Substance P (SP) | Human | SP (1–11) | Against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi [31], [114] |
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) | Human | VIP peptides (125–152) | Against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and parasites [115] |
| α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH) | Human | α-MSH (1–13) | Against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and parasites [116] |
| Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) | Human/Catfish | PACAP (131–169, PACAP-38)/PACAP (131–158, PACAP-27) | Against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi [53] |
| Adrenomedullin (AM) | Human | Adrenomedullin (1–52) | Against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and parasites [38], [117] |
| NDA-1 | hydra | NDA-1 (1–71) | Against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria [53] |
| Enkelytin | Human | Proenkephalin-A (209–237) | Against Gram-positive bacteria [118] |