Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study patients
| Diabetic patients with HFrEF (n = 381) | |
|---|---|
| Age (year) | 64.8 ± 12.8 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 274 (71.9) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 4.7 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 122.4 ± 18.7 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 82.7 ± 14.6 |
| NYHA Fc III or IV, n (%) | 86 (22.6) |
| Medical history, n (%) | |
| Non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy | 166 (43.6) |
| Hypertension | 232 (60.9) |
| Old myocardial infarction | 157 (41.2) |
| Stroke/TIA | 56 (14.7) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 117 (30.7) |
| Previous HF hospitalization | 242 (63.5) |
| Previous valvular surgery | 31 (8.1) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 224 (58.8) |
| COPD/asthma | 42 (11.0) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 150 (39.4) |
| Heart failure treatment, n (%) | |
| RAS blocker | 316 (82.9) |
| Beta‐blocker | 307 (80.6) |
| MRA | 242 (63.5) |
| CRT/ICD | 35 (9.2) |
| Haemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.7 ± 1.8 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 67.0 ± 24.2 |
| GFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 58 (15.2) |
| GFR 60–90 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 165 (43.3) |
| GFR 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 158 (41.5) |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |
| LVEF (%) | 27.6 ± 7.0 |
| LA diameter (mm) | 48.5 ± 6.6 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 55.9 ± 8.2 |
| LVESD (mm) | 45.8 ± 9.8 |
| PASP (mmHg) | 40.5 ± 16.0 |
| Severe mitral regurgitation, n (%) | 94 (24.7) |
| Severe tricuspid regurgitation, n (%) | 60 (15.7) |
BP, blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; LA, left atrial; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, left ventricular end‐systolic diameter; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NYHA Fc, New York Heart Association Functional Classification; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RAS, renin–angiotensin system; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.