Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants with and without incident heart failure
| Heart failure | Yes | No | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | 130 (4.5) | 2739 (95.5) | |
| Male | 84 (64.6) | 1255 (45.8) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 68.5 ± 8.6 | 61.2 ± 10.2 | <0.001 |
| Race | 0.09 | ||
| Caucasian | 33 (25.4) | 697 (25.5) | |
| African American | 37 (28.5) | 672 (24.5) | |
| Hispanic | 39 (30) | 675 (24.6) | |
| Chinese | 21 (16.2) | 695 (25.4) | |
| Education ≤12 years | 64 (49.6) | 1074 (39.3) | 0.02 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 ± 6 | 27.8 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137 ± 22 | 125.5 ± 21.2 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.3 ± 10.5 | 71.8 ± 10.1 | 0.11 |
| Blood pressure medication | 77(59.2) | 945(34.5) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.9 ± 34.4 | 194.9 ± 35.4 | 0.005 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 47.1 ± 13.4 | 50.7 ± 14.4 | 0.005 |
| Lipid‐lowering medication | 31(24) | 414(15.2) | 0.007 |
| Smoking status | 0.08 | ||
| Never smoker | 58 (45) | 1495 (54.7) | |
| Former smoker | 52 (40.3) | 865 (31.7) | |
| Current smoker | 19 (14.7) | 373 (13.7) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 48 (36.9) | 326 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery calcium score | 132 (0–471) | 0 (0–62) | <0.001 |
| sTNF‐αR1(pg/mL) | 1626 (1280–2055) | 1287 (1104–1531) | <0.001 |
| sIL‐2R (pg/mL) | 1076 (871–1466) | 896 (723–1145) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; sTNF‐αR1, soluble tumour necrosis α receptor; sIL‐2R, soluble interleukin‐2 receptor.
Figures are numbers (%), mean ± standard deviation, and median (interquartile range).