Table 5.
Summary of clinical characteristics, medication pattern, and echocardiographic parameters of HFmrEF population included in the main prospective observational studies considered for our review
| Chioncel O. et al.9 | Koh A.S. et al.10 | Rastogi et al.11 | Cheng R.K. et al.12 | He K.L. et al.13, c | Sweitzer et al.14, c | Kapoor J.R. et al.17 | Tsuji et al.18 | Lupòn et al.19, a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 64.2 ± 14.2 | 74 | 56 ± 13.09 | 81 | 66 ± 10 | 73.8 ± 12.9 | 74.44 ± 13.31 | 69.0 ± 12.7 | 63.2 ± 12.4 |
| Female gender, % | 26.4 | 39 | 46 | 50.5 | 21 | 54.3 | 48.85 | 28.2 | |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD, or median (IQR) | 28.6 ± 5.4 | 27 | 26.5 | 25 ± 4 | 29.9 ± 7.9 | 22.8 ± 5.3 | 27.7 ± 4.9 | ||
| SBP, mmHg, mean ± SD, or median (IQR) | 126.5 ± 21.1 | 131 | 119 ± 18.65 | 142 | 141 ± 31 | 129 ± 22b | 124.7 ± 19.3 | 129.3 ± 22.9 | |
| Heart rate, b.p.m., mean ± SD, or median (IQR) | 73.2 ± 15.9 | 73 | 74 ± 12.88 | 81 | 69 ± 8 | 62 ± 19b | 73.4 ± 14.7 | 70.1 ± 15.5 | |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean ± SD, or median (IQR) | 62 | 76 ± 29.46 | 71 ± 28 | 58.6 ± 22.1 | 64.2 ± 24.1 | ||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL, mean ± SD, or median (IQR) | 1.22 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.33 ± 1.07 | 1.3 (1.0–1.9) | 1.1 ± 0.8 | |||
| Sodium, mmol/L, mean ± SD, or median (IQR) | 140 ± 2.97 | 138 | 138.3 ± 3.3 | ||||||
| NT‐proBNP, median (IQR), ng/L | 2160 (938‐4763) | 2037 ± 3484 | 994 (465–2165) | ||||||
| BNP, median (IQR), ng/L | 790 (421–1487) | 500 ± 627 | 164.5 (83.4–310.7) | ||||||
| NYHA class III/IV, % | 18.4 | 31 | 22 | 11.8 | 18.5 | ||||
| Hypertensive heart disease, % | 9.6 | 14.3 | 9.4 | ||||||
| Ischaemic aetiology, CAD, % | 41.8 | 53 | 20 | 56.7 | 65 | 59.7 | 68.95 | 52.9 | 35.2 |
| Idiopathic dilated CMP, % | 27.6 | 65 | 20.3 | 19.3 | |||||
| Valve disease and other, % | 11.5 | 21 | 20 | 14.4 | 24.8 | 7.2 | 18.9 | ||
| CABG or PCI, % | 35.8 | 17.1 | 43.1 | ||||||
| CRT, % | 8.4 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 4.3 | ||||
| ICD, % | 13.4 | 1.6 | 5.5 | 3.9 | 5.6 | ||||
| Smoker, current, or previous, % | 10.7 | 55 | 8.7 | 12.1 | 14.11 | ||||
| Hypertension, % | 82.4 | 64 | 51 | 77.9 | 77 | 82.18 | 89.8 | ||
| PAOD, % | 10 | 4 | 15.5 | 19.9 | 15.84 | 61.4 | |||
| Hyperlipidaemia, % | 35 | 48.2 | 38.0 | 54.02 | 80.2 | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 30.5 | 27 | 26 | 41.5 | 48 | 47.7 | 50.16 | 36.1 | 33.0 |
| COPD, asthma, and lung disease, % | 11.6 | 30 | 9 | 29.6 | 31.5 | 36.43 | |||
| Prior stroke/TIA and cerebrovascular disease, % | 8.3 | 8 | 17.1 | 18.0 | 17.10 | 22.1 | |||
| CKD, % | 16.5 | 21.1 | 30.9 | 25.78 | 42.0 | ||||
| Anaemia, % | 35 | 21.3 | 27.02 | 40.3 | |||||
| Depression, % | 7.1 | 10.0 | 12.86 | ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation, flutter % | 22.3 | 58 | 26 | 40.2 | 8 | 32.9 | 45.00 | 43.5 | 21.0 |
| LVEDD, mm, mean ± SD | 58.0 ± 8.4 | 54 ± 7.4 | 55 ± 7 | 55.8 ± 7.9 | |||||
| LVESD, mm, mean ± SD | 41 ± 7.6 | 42 ± 6 | 42.9 ± 6.9 | ||||||
| Beta‐blocker, % | 86 | 88 | 86.5b | 58 | 62.2 | 63.8 | 93.1 | ||
| ACE‐I/ARBs, % | 84 | 86 | 83.5b | 68 | 71.8 | 80.0 | 92.7 | ||
| Aldosterone receptor blocker, % | 24 | 42 | 13.0b | 29.3 | 55.8 | ||||
| Nitrates, % | 17 | 5 | 52.0 | ||||||
| Diuretics, % | 69 | 45 | 63.3 | 89.3 | |||||
| Statin and lipid‐lowering therapy, % | 42 | 39.6 | |||||||
| Digoxin and digitalis, % | 30 | 23 | 37.3 | ||||||
| Calcium channel blocker, % | 3 | 39 | 30.5 | 27.0 |
ACE‐I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CMP, cardiomiopathy; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IQR, interquantile range; LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end systolic diameter; PAOD, peripheral arterial occlusive disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD,standard deviation.
Only for HFmrEF with recovery of LVEF.
After discharge.
Population of patients with HF nad LVEF 40–55%.