TABLE 1.

Overview of the impact on membrane vesicles produced by species associated with CF and nosocomial pneumonia on pathogenicity, based on factors identified in MVs.

Impact on pathogenicity	Species involved	Molecules involved
Virulence factors contained in OMVs	P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, B. cepacia, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus	CifPa, Phospholipase CPa, Ab, alkaline phosphatasePa, proteasesPa, Ab, Bc, OmpAAb, haemolysinsAb, leukotoxinsAb, lipasesBc, pneumolysinSp, α-toxinSa, protein ASa, exfoliative toxin ASa
Increase of antibiotic resistance	A. baumannii, S. maltophilia, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis	β-lactamaseAb, Sm, Hi, Mc
Adhesion to lung epithelial cells and macrophages	P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, H. influenzae, S. aureus	PaAPPa, LPSPa, EF-TuAb
Biofilm formation	P. aeruginosa, S. aureus	eDNAPa, LPSPa, peptidoglycanPa
Immunomodulatory effect (stimulation)	P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae	FliCPa
Immunomodulatory effect (quenching)	P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae	sRNAPa, porin-lossKp, DNaseSp

Indices indicate the species to which each molecule belongs, for references, see main text.