Table 2. Regression Results Modeling Height-for-Age z Scores as a Function of Open Defecation and Access to Boiled or Filtered Drinking Water Among Children Aged 0 to 18 Years in India in 2013.
| Characteristic | β (95% CI) by age groupa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤1 y (n = 6631) | >1 To ≤7 y (n = 41 244) | >7 To ≤12 y (n = 40 285) | >12 To ≤18 y (n = 46 722) | |
| Boys | ||||
| No. (%) | 3564 (53.7) | 21 832 (53.0) | 21 331 (53.0) | 23 736 (50.8) |
| Village open defecation, 10% increase in proportion | −0.12 (−0.41 to 0.17) | −0.22 (−0.35 to −0.10)b | −0.15 (−0.24 to −0.06)b | −0.10 (−0.19 to −0.01)c |
| Boiled or filtered drinking water, compared with untreated water | 0.19 (0.03 to 0.35)c | 0.07 (0.00 to 0.14)c | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.13)d | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.11)c |
| R2 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.16 |
| Girls | ||||
| No. (%) | 3067 (46.3) | 19 412 (47.0) | 18 954 (47.0) | 22 986 (47.8) |
| Village open defecation, 10% increase in proportion | −0.25 (−0.56 to 0.07) | −0.10 (−0.23 to 0.02) | −0.22 (−0.33 to −0.12)b | −0.16 (−0.23 to −0.09)b |
| Boiled or filtered drinking water, compared with untreated water | 0.26 (0.07 to 0.45)d | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.14)c | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.09) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.05) |
| R2 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.18 |
a
Models adjusted for child age, father’s height, mother’s height, household socioeconomic status, rural residence, father’s education, mother’s education, mother’s age, child’s hemoglobin level, state fixed effects and birth year fixed effects. Standard error estimates are robust and clustered at the district level.
b
P < .001.
c
P < .05.
d
P < .01.