Table 2. Association of Resident and Program Characteristics With Racial/Ethnic and Religious Discriminationa.
| Characteristic | Respondents, No./total No. (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resident characteristics | |||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 661/3241 (20.4) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Female | 648/2277 (28.5) | 1.48 (1.27-1.74) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 428/3380 (12.7) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 167/231 (72.3) | 20.91 (14.39-30.38) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 115/460 (25.0) | 2.62 (1.99-3.47) | <.001 |
| Asian | 431/940 (45.9) | 6.29 (5.18-7.63) | <.001 |
| Other/prefer not to say | 168/507 (33.1) | 3.89 (3.09-4.91) | <.001 |
| Clinical postgraduate year | |||
| Intern, year 1 | 268/1263 (21.2) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Junior, year 2-3 | 521/2235 (23.3) | 1.30 (1.08-1.57) | .005 |
| Senior, year 4-5 | 520/2020 (25.7) | 1.57 (1.28-1.92) | <.001 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 525/2401 (21.9) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Relationship | 403/1742 (23.1) | 0.86 (0.73-1.02) | .09 |
| No relationship | 357/1270 (28.1) | 0.93 (0.78-1.11) | .42 |
| Divorced/widowed | 24/105 (22.9) | 0.92 (0.54-1.56) | .75 |
| American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination score quartiles | |||
| 1-3 | 1035/4144 (25.0) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 4 (highest) | 274/1374 (19.9) | 0.92 (0.73-1.10) | .34 |
| Violations of 80-h duty limit in last 6 mo | |||
| Never | 680/3428 (19.8) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 1-2 times | 372/1359 (27.4) | 1.51 (1.28-1.78) | <.001 |
| 3-4 times | 159/452 (35.2) | 2.48 (2.01-3.06) | <.001 |
| >5 times | 88/244 (36.1) | 2.26 (1.69-3.02) | <.001 |
| Program characteristics | |||
| Quartile of program size by No. of residents | |||
| 1 (6-25) | 317/1456 (21.8) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 2 (26-37) | 330/1408 (23.4) | 1.01 (0.80-1.30) | .91 |
| 3 (38-51) | 323/1397 (23.1) | 0.94 (0.71-1.23) | .64 |
| 4 (52-81) | 339/1257 (27.0) | 1.02 (0.76-1.37) | .88 |
| Program type | |||
| Academic | 774/3158 (24.5) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Community | 507/2199 (23.1) | 1.08 (0.94-1.53) | .39 |
| Military | 28/161 (17.4) | 1.56 (0.92-2.66) | .10 |
| Program location | |||
| Northeast | 475/1807 (26.3) | 1.20 (0.94-1.53) | .14 |
| Southeast | 244/1110 (22.0) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Midwest | 257/1233 (20.8) | 0.89 (0.72-1.19) | .55 |
| Southwest | 139/632 (22.0) | 1.03 (0.77-1.33) | .92 |
| West | 194/736 (26.4) | 1.23 (0.94-1.62) | .13 |
| Quartile of percentage of nonwhite faculty | |||
| 1 (0%-27%) | 296/1291 (22.9) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 2 (28%-33%) | 272/1136 (23.9) | 1.03 (0.82-1.30) | .77 |
| 3 (34%-41%) | 300/1247 (24.1) | 0.86 (0.68-1.06) | .16 |
| 4 (>41%) | 309/1096 (28.2) | 0.84 (0.65-1.08) | .18 |
| Quartile of percentage of nonwhite residents | |||
| 1 (6%-25%) | 263/1354 (19.4) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 2 (26%-37%) | 275/1242 (22.3) | 1.01 (0.79-1.27) | .97 |
| 3 (38%-46%) | 333/1237 (26.7) | 1.18 (0.91-1.53) | .20 |
| 4 (>46%) | 361/1198 (30.1) | 1.13 (0.88-1.44) | .32 |
a
A total of 161 observations with missing data were excluded from the multivariable logistic regression model: race (11), sex (131), and relationship status (19).