Table 3. Comparison of Selectivity and Space Time Yield for Products of Furfural Hydrogenation Reactions Using Carbon-Supported Catalystsa.
| selectivity
(%) |
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| entry | Pd catalyst | reactor mode | solvent | T (°C) | P (bar) | conversion (%) | FA | THFA | 2MF | 2MTHF | CP | 5H2P | STYb (g/(L h)) | reference |
| A | 1% Pd/CNT | B | water | 150 | 30 | 98 | 0 | 1.7 | NR | 5.7 | 49.4 | 3.1 | Mironenko et al.40 | |
| B | 5% Pd/AC | C | EtOAc | 90 | 50 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 75 | NR | NR | NR | Garcia-Olmo et al.41 | |
| C | 10% Pd/AC | C | EtOAc | 150 | 50 | 99 | 0 | 75 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Ouyang et al.42 | |
| D | 3% Pd/AC | C | CPME | 150 | 50 | 97 | 25 | 56 | 5 | <10 | NR | NR | Wang et al.43 | |
| E | 0.8% Pd/ACM | C | water | 180 | 20 | 97 | 25 | 20 | 22 | 3 | 0.5 | 5 | 61, ∼40 | this work |
| F | 3% Pd/AC | B | i-PrOH | 200 | 30 | 47 | 33 | 52 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | Wang et al.43 | |
| G | 5% Pd/C | B | water | 160 | 30 | 97.8 | 0 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 6 | 69 | NR | Hronec et al.14 | |
| H | 5% Pd/C | B | water | 175 | 80 | 100 | 0 | 36 | 3 | 10 | 39 | NR | Hronec et al.14 | |
| I | 10% Pd/C (HMF) | C | water | 90 | 90 | 100 | 21 (DMTHF) | 17 (DHMTHF) | 33, 30 | Lima et al.44 | ||||
a
NR: not reported; C: continuous; B: batch; HMF: hydroxymethyl furfural. FA: furfuryl alcohol; THFA: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol; 2MF: 2-methylfuran; 2MTHF: 2-methyltetrahydrofuran; CP: cyclopentanone; 5H2P: 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone. CPME: cyclopentyl methyl ether; EtOAc: ethyl acetate; i-PrOH: isopropanol. DMTHF: 2,5- dihydroxymethylfuran; DHMTHF: 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran.
b
Space time yield for FA or DMTHF and THFA or DHMTHF, respectively, at LHSV of 8 1/h.