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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2020 Feb 11;43:37–43.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.01.012

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Path diagrams illustrating hypothetical situations where an exposure-outcome relationship is confounded by individual-level SES only (a), neighborhood-level SES only (b), or both individual- and neighborhood-level SES (c).