Table 3.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

• Research articles or reports in any geographical location or setting • Research conducted in healthy or clinical populations • Articles published in peer-reviewed journals and grey literature • Articles reporting on development of or effects of PA messages • Articles published in English • Research designs including: empirical research studies (qualitative, cross-sectional or longitudinal designs, interventions or natural experiments with pre-post measures or comparison) and non-empirical research (systematic and non-systematic reviews, and methods or theory papers)

• Articles focusing on wider PA communication not within the scope of this review, for example messages not directed to public or studies using other communication techniques such as one-to-one counselling • Abstracts without full text