Table 1.
Study Participant Baseline Characteristics
| Characteristic | No dementia, n = 1,477 | Incident dementia during follow-up | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause n = 428 | AD n = 221 | VaD n = 157 | ||
| Age, mean ± SD | 71.5 (9.3) | 74.7 (7.6)*** | 74.5 (7.6)*** | 75.2 (6.9)*** |
| Female, n (%) | 777 (52.6) | 278 (65.0)*** | 155 (70.1)*** | 97 (61.8)* |
| Education (years), mean ± SD | 8.9 (3.6) | 8.4 (3.4)* | 8.2 (3.1)** | 8.6 (3.8) |
| Married, n (%) | 947 (64.2) | 230 (53.9)*** | 120 (54.3)*** | 82 (52.6)** |
| Current smoking, n (%) | ||||
| No | 802 (54.3) | 243 (56.8) | 131 (59.3) | 86 (54.8) |
| Yes | 674 (45.7) | 185 (43.2) | 90 (40.7) | 71 (45.2) |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | ||||
| No, never drank or have quit | 359 (24.4) | 128 (29.9)* | 67 (30.3) | 51 (32.5)* |
| Yes | 1,115 (75.6) | 300 (70.1)* | 154 (69.7) | 106 (67.5)* |
| Number of previous cardiovascular disorders, mean ± SD | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.8)* | 1.0 (0.9)* |
| Depressive symptoms, n (%) | ||||
| CES-D, score 15 or less | 1,327 (89.8) | 37 (88.6)* | 184 (88.9)** | 140 (89.2) |
| CES-D, score 16 or more | 110 (6.8) | 44 (10.3)* | 21 (10.1)** | 15 (9.6) |
| Perceived loneliness, n (%) | ||||
| No | 1,319 (89.3) | 352 (82.2)*** | 177 (80.1)*** | 132 (84.1) |
| Yes | 158 (10.7) | 76 (17.8)*** | 44 (19.9)*** | 25 (15.9) |
Notes: Missing values: Education (21), marital status (4), alcohol use (3), and depressive symptoms (54). Test of difference between the group without dementia at follow-up and all-cause dementia, AD, or VaD, were conducted using t-tests (continuous variables) or χ 2-tests (categorical variables).
* p < .05; ** p < .01, ***p < .001.