Table 4.
Unstandardized Parameter Estimates for Phenotypic and Best-Fitting Genetically Informed Models Predicting Multisystem Physiological Risk: Midlife in the United States Study Twin Sample
| Neighborhood safety | Neighborhood income | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| Multiple regression | ||||
| bphen | −0.04 (0.17) | −0.58* (0.14) | −0.40* (0.18) | −0.39* (0.18) |
| Structural equation model | ||||
| bBetween | −0.31 (0.45) | −0.31 (0.45) | −0.38 (0.28) | −0.38 (0.28) |
| b’phen | −0.05 (0.17) | −0.66** (0.23) | −0.37 (0.22) | −0.37 (0.22) |
| Covariates | ||||
| Household income1 | −0.05 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) |
| Household income2 | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.04) |
| Age | 0.36*** (0.07) | 0.41*** (0.07) | 0.36*** (0.06) | 0.43*** (0.06) |
Note: bphen is the full phenotypic effect; b’phen is the within-family effect in the genetically informed structural equation models; bBetween represents the between-family effect of neighborhood indicators on physiological risk and represents the cumulative effect of genetic and environmental factors shared between both twins.
*p< .05. **p< .01. ***p< .001.