TABLE 33.8.

Circulating (Serum/Plasma) Biomarkers as Prognostic Indices in Dogs with Lymphoma

Biomarker	Comments	References
Lactate dehydrogenase activity	Increased: unfavorable	202,210
Thymidine kinase activity	Increased: unfavorable	202,205,206,396,397
Haptoglobin	Increased: unfavorable	202–204
Serum VEGF	Increased: unfavorable	213,417
Glutathione-S-transferase	Increased: unfavorable	418
Hypercalcemia	Unfavorable	116,395,419,420
Serum cobalamin	Decreased: unfavorable	395
Serum albumin	Decreased: unfavorable	375,377
Serum C-reactive protein	Although it may be used to characterize remission status, variable levels preclude utility.	202–205,294

VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor.