Figure 5.

Melatonin promoted osteogenesis by inhibiting the MT₂‐mediated NF‐κB pathway. (a–b) Expression levels of NF‐keppa B pathway proteins including p‐p65, p65, p‐IκBα, IκBα, p‐IKKα/β, IKKα, and IKKβ were detected in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) treated without or with melatonin (a) or in MT₁/MT₂ pre‐silenced Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (b). (c–e) bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were pretreated with or without the NF‐κB inhibitor JSH‐23 for 1 hr and then treated with or without melatonin before parameter detection. Runx2, Osterix (c) and RANKL (d) were examined by western blot, and the opg/rankl ratio (e) was examined by qRT‐PCR. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD and n = 5 in each group; *P < .05, significant differences between each indicated group