Figure 6.

Factories of flaviviruses

Rearrangement of membranes in the perinuclear region of a Vero cell infected by Kunjin virus. (A) Ordered membranes (referred to as paracrystalline arrays or Pc) and numerous vesicles (arrowheads) are surrounded by distended ER (arrows) and frequently associated with mitochondria (mi). (B) Kunjin virus‐induced Pcs in infected Vero cells are found associated with smooth convoluted membranes (CM) and smooth membrane vesicle‐like structures (SMS). Potential mature virus particles (v) are observed close to these virus‐induced membranous structures. (C) West Nile (Sarafend) virus‐induced paracrystals (Pc) and vesicles (Ve) (sample processed by cryofixation and cryosubstitution). Vesicles containing dense cores are observed around Pc membranes. Membrane bags (arrowheads) have potential nucleocapsids (Nc) associated. (D) Recombinant subviral particles of Tick‐borne encephalitis virus (formed by budding of envelope proteins in the absence of core) observed in the lumen of the RER (arrows) before their transport along the secretory pathway. (E) Extracellular mature particles of West Nile (Sarafend) virus released by infected Vero cells. (A) Reprinted from Hong and Ng (1987) Arch. Virol. 97, 115–121, with permission from Springer—Verlag. (B) Reproduced from Westaway et al. (1997) J. Virol. 71, 6650–6661, with copyright permission of the American Society for Microbiology. (C and E) Reproduced from J. Virol. Methods, 49, Ng, Teong and Tan, Cryosubstitution technique reveals new morphology of flavivirus‐induced structures, pp. 305–314, Copyright (1994), with permission from Elsevier. (D) Reproduced from Lorenz et al. (2003) J. Virol. 77, 4370–4382, with copyright permission of the American Society for Microbiology (original image by Jürgen Kartenbeck). Bars=200 nm in A, C, D; 0.5 μm in B; 50 nm in E.