Table 1.
General characteristics of the virus families included in this reviewIIV‐6, invertebrate iridescent virus 6; FV‐3, frog virus 3; VZV, varicella zoster virus; YFV, yellow fever virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; BVDV, bovine viral diarrhoea virus; RVFV, Rift valley fever virus; IBV, infectious bronchitis virus; BEV, equine torovirus; MHV, mouse hepatitis virus; EAV, equine arteritis virus; PRRSV, porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus; ds, double‐stranded; ss, single‐stranded; S, M and L denote small, medium and large respectively.
| Virus family (number of members in parentheses) | Representative viruses | Associated diseases | Genome structure | Number of proteins | Virion structure | Replication site | Assembly site |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poxviridae (>100) | Vaccinia* Variola | encephalitis smallpox | dsDNA (130–375 kbp) | 150–300 (∼100 in virions) | enveloped, brick‐shaped (>300 nm) | predominantly cytoplasmic (RER‐associated) | cytoplasmic membranes |
| Asfarviridae (1) | ASFV* | severe illness in pigs | dsDNA (170–190 kbp) | ∼150 (∼50 in virions) | enveloped, icosahedral (175–215 nm) | nuclear and cytoplasmic | cytoplasmic membranes |
| Iridoviridae (>20) | IIV‐6* FV‐3 | infections in aquatic animals | dsDNA (140–303 kbp) | >100 (∼36 in virions) | enveloped, icosahedral (120–350 nm) | nuclear | cytoplasmic |
| Herpesviridae (>130) | HHV‐1* VZV | congenital disease, genital infections chicken pox | dsDNA (125–>240 kbp) | 70–>200 (>30 in virions) | enveloped, icosahedral, capsid (125 nm) | nuclear | nuclear and cytoplasmic |
| Togaviridae (25) | SINV* RUBV* | encephalitis polyarthritis, congenital rubella syndrome | ssRNA+(9–11.8 kb) | 7–8 (3–4 in virions) | enveloped, icosahedral (70 nm) | lysosomes endosomes | cytoplasmic Golgi (RUBV) |
| Flaviviridae (∼80) | YFV* HCV* BVDV* | encephalitis hepatitis haemorrhagic fevers | ssRNA+(9.6–11.3 kb) | 9–12 (3–4 in virions) | enveloped, icosahedral (50 nm) | cytoplasmic membranes | RER |
| Bunyaviridae (>350) | BUNV* RVFV* Hantaan* | haemorrhagic fevers, encephalitis | 3 ssRNA− (S=0.9–2.9 kb M=3.6–4.8 kb L=6.4–12.2 kb) | 6 (4 in virions) | enveloped, spherical (80–120 nm) | cytoplasmic membranes | Golgi |
| Coronaviridae (∼18) | IBV* BEV* MHV | gastroenteritis hepatitis respiratory infections | ssRNA+(27.6–31 kb) | 7–10 (4–5 in virions) | enveloped, spherical isometric capsid (120–160 nm) | autophagosomes | pre‐Golgi |
| Arteriviridae (4) | EAV* PRRSV | respiratory disease, abortion, haemorrhagic fever | ssRNA+(12.7–15.7 kb) | 8–9 (6–7 in virions) | enveloped, spherical isometric capsid (45–60 nm) | cytoplasmic double membranes | Golgi |
*
Type species