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. 2014 Sep 3;10(1):22–31. doi: 10.1111/crj.12177

Figure 4.

figure

Inflammatory cytokine expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). RNA isolated from PBMCs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and control subjects was subjected to real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and the results were expressed as fold change over housekeeping genes. Compared with control group, COPD patients showed significant high level of interleukin (IL)‐1β (A), IL‐8 (B) and interferon (IFN)‐α (C). Data are represented as mean ± standard error (SEM) (n = 24–29; **P values < 0.01 vs the control group). BALF were assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and COPD patients showed significant high level of IL‐8 (D) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (E) compared with control group. Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 15–25; **P values < 0.01 vs the control group, *P values < 0.05 vs the control group).