Table 2.

Protein Translocation and Post‐Translational Modification Signals

Protein‐based signal sequence	Related cell function	Example	Reference
KDELCOOH	Retention in ER	BiP, protein disulfide isomerase, prolyl isomerase	Pelham and Bienz (1982)
Transmembrane sequences	Golgi retention	Coronavirus matrix protein	Mayer et al. (1988) Machamer and Rose (1987)
Mannose‐6‐phosphate	Added in Golgi for transport to lysosome	Lysosomal hydrolases	Reitman and Kornberg (1981)
SKLCOOH	Peroxisomes	Luciferase acyl coenzyme A oxidase	Keller et al. (1987); Miyazawa et al. (1989)
Leader peptide	Mitochondria	CoXIV (cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV)	Hurt et al. (1984)
RRNRRRRW (other specific signals exist, e.g., for p53 and SV40 late T antigen)	Nucleus	Rev	Malim et al. (1989)
Asn‐X‐Ser(Thr)	N‐linked glycosylation in ER (dolichol precursor addition)	Many normal secreted and recombinant proteins	Hirschberg and Snider (1987)
O‐Ser/Thr	Golgi‐based O‐glycosylation	Includes some recombinant proteins—e.g., IL‐2, tPA	Hart et al. (1988); Conradt et al. (1990)
Cys (ER) Cys (Golgi)	Palmitoylation Myristoylation	Membrane anchoring—e.g., HBV preS1	McIlhinney (1990)
Tyr (Golgi)	Sulfation	Biological function	Rosenquist and Nicholas (1993); Han and Martinage (1992)
Tyr (cell‐surface kinases)	Phosphorylation	Signal transduction and some viral proteins—e.g., HBV core	Myers et al. (1994); Albin and Robinson (1980); Aitken (1996)
Asn, Asp (Golgi)	Hydroxylation	Biological function	Stenflo et al. (1989)
Glu (Golgi)	γ‐carboxyglutamate	Calcium binding—e.g., blood‐cascade factors	Suttie (1985); Kaufman et al. (1986)

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