Table 5. Mean relative abundance (%) ± SD (n = 6) of the most prevalent phyla, orders, classes, families, and genera found in faecal samples of sea bass fed with four experimental diets.
TAXA | DIET | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTRL | GMOS | GMOSPHYTO | PHYTO | |||||||||
Phylum | ||||||||||||
Actinobacteria | 1.84 | ± | 1.29 | 5.46 | ± | 7.41 | 0.13 | ± | 0.19 | 0.38 | ± | 0.66 |
Bacteriodetes | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.85 | ± | 1.14 |
Firmicutes | 4.82 | ± | 4.94 | 4.32 | ± | 5.46 | 1.27 | ± | 2.01 | 3.35 | ± | 3.08 |
Proteobacteria | 92.84 | ± | 6.45 | 88.63 | ± | 4.90 | 92.12 | ± | 5.26 | 92.7 | ± | 5.63 |
Spirochaetes | 0.03 | ± | 0.08 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.71 | ± | 1.63 | 0.75 | ± | 1.67 |
Tenericutes | 0.04 | ± | 0.08 | 0.67 | ± | 1.65 | 4.75 | ± | 7.10 | 0.77 | ± | 1.32 |
Class Actinobacteria | 1.84 | ± | 1.29 | 5.45 | ± | 7.40 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.37 | ± | 0.66 |
Bacteroidia | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.85 | ± | 1.13 |
Bacilli | 4.73 | ± | 4.89 | 4.27 | ± | 5.46 | 1.17 | ± | 2.02 | 0.35 | ± | 0.61 |
Clostridia | 0.08 | ± | 0.05ab | 0.04 | ± | 0.09b | 0.10 | ± | 0.15ab | 2.97 | ± | 2.57a |
Alphaproteobacteria | 30.71 | ± | 32.38ab | 35.51 | ± | 25.31a | 3.85 | ± | 3.29b | 6.45 | ± | 12.44b |
Betaproteobacteria | 2.73 | ± | 2.35a | 8.40 | ± | 10.60a | 0.12 | ± | 0.13b | 0.21 | ± | 0.46b |
Gammaproteobacteria | 59.34 | ± | 34.08ab | 47.70 | ± | 31.35b | 88.14 | ± | 5.51a | 86.04 | ± | 17.08a |
[Brevinematae] | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.70 | ± | 1.62 | 0.74 | ± | 1.67 |
Mollicutes | 0.03 | ± | 0.08 | 0.67 | ± | 1.64 | 4.74 | ± | 7.09 | 0.77 | ± | 1.32 |
Order | ||||||||||||
Actinomycetales1.84±1.29a5.45±7.40ab0.12±0.18b0.05±0.07bBacteroidales | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.85 | ± | 1.13 |
Bacillales | 1.44 | ± | 1.28 | 0.27 | ± | 0.55 | 0.04 | ± | 0.07 | 0.06 | ± | 0.11 |
Lactobacillales | 3.28 | ± | 3.83 | 4.00 | ± | 5.57 | 1.13 | ± | 2.03 | 0.29 | ± | 0.50 |
Clostridiales | 0.08 | ± | 0.05ab | 0.04 | ± | 0.09b | 0.09 | ± | 0.15ab | 2.98 | ± | 2.57a |
Rhizobiales | 0.86 | ± | 0.49a | 2.82 | ± | 6.38ab | 0.04 | ± | 0.03b | 0.06 | ± | 0.13b |
Rickettsiales | 29.40 | ± | 31.34ab | 29.62 | ± | 22.08a | 3.80 | ± | 3.26b | 6.39 | ± | 12.31b |
Burkholderiales | 0.91 | ± | 0.63a | 5.97 | ± | 10.27ab | 0.03 | ± | 0.02b | 0.11 | ± | 0.23b |
Neisseriales | 1.82 | ± | 1.78a | 2.43 | ± | 3.69ab | 0.01 | ± | 0.11b | 0.10 | ± | 0.23b |
Alteromonadales | 5.53 | ± | 11.95 | 2.15 | ± | 3.99 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.02 | ± | 0.04 |
Enterobacteriales | 7.36 | ± | 15.87a | 4.06 | ± | 3.80ab | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.03 | ± | 0.04b |
Oceanospirillales | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 3.11 | ± | 4.86 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 |
Pasteurellales | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.74 | ± | 4.27 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 |
Pseudomonadales | 2.07 | ± | 2.16a | 3.60 | ± | 3.82ab | 0.11 | ± | 0.17b | 0.09 | ± | 0.13b |
Vibrionales | 44.36 | ± | 39.70bc | 30.89 | ± | 34.12c | 88.02 | ± | 5.53b | 85.90 | ± | 17.30a |
[Brevimatales] | 0.03 | ± | 0.07 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.71 | ± | 1.62 | 0.75 | ± | 1.67 |
Mycoplasmatales | 0.03 | ± | 0.08 | 0.67 | ± | 1.64 | 4.74 | ± | 7.09 | 0.77 | ± | 1.32 |
Family | ||||||||||||
Corynebacteriaceae | 1.37 | ± | 1.26 | 1.09 | ± | 2.48 | 0.09 | ± | 0.14 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 |
Propionibacteriaceae1.98±2.87a8.40±12.08ab0.04±0.05b0.05±0.10bBacteroidaceae | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.48 | ± | 1.09 |
Bacillaceae | 0.52 | ± | 0.49 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.02 | ± | 0.05 |
Staphylococcaceae | 2.57 | ± | 4.40 | 0.68 | ± | 1.53 | 0.04 | ± | 0.07 | 0.06 | ± | 0.10 |
Lactobacillaceae | 5.00 | ± | 5.96 | 4.78 | ± | 6.41 | 1.14 | ± | 2.22 | 0.33 | ± | 0.63 |
Streptococcaceae | 0.67 | ± | 0.51a | 0.39 | ± | 0.89b | 0.04 | ± | 0.06b | 0.05 | ± | 0.08b |
Lachnospiraceae | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.43 | ± | 1.18 |
Ruminococcaceae | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.95 | ± | 2.68 |
Aurantimonadaceae | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 2.28 | ± | 5.58 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 |
Methylobacteriaceae | 1.99 | ± | 2.95a | 2.91 | ± | 6.04ab | 0.04 | ± | 0.04b | 0.08 | ± | 0.16b |
Rhodobacteraceae | 1.43 | ± | 2.93 | 0.05 | ± | 0.14 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 |
Comamonadaceae | 0.95 | ± | 1.31a | 5.36 | ± | 8.01ab | 0.02 | ± | 0.02b | 0.07 | ± | 0.14b |
Oxalobacteraceae | 1.50 | ± | 2.31a | 4.38 | ± | 9.78ab | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.08 | ± | 0.19b |
Neisseriaceae | 5.43 | ± | 9.21a | 3.49 | ± | 4.35ab | 0.10 | ± | 0.11b | 0.14 | ± | 0.32b |
Shewanellaceae | 6.26 | ± | 12.35 | 1.34 | ± | 3.27 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.02 | ± | 0.06 |
Enterobacteriaceae | 8.29 | ± | 16.41a | 7.23 | ± | 6.64a | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.04 | ± | 0.06b |
Halomonadaceae | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 3.63 | ± | 5.66 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 |
Pasteurellaceae | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 3.17 | ± | 7.77 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 |
Moraxellaceae | 2.85 | ± | 2.35a | 6.28 | ± | 7.17ab | 0.05 | ± | 0.07b | 0.11 | ± | 0.19b |
Vibrionaceae | 13.08 | ± | 17.00b | 34.00 | ± | 37.07b | 25.55 | ± | 29.10b | 86.56 | ± | 8.71a |
Brevinemataceae | 0.03 | ± | 0.08 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.81 | ± | 1.75 | 0.75 | ± | 1.67 |
Mycoplasmataceae | 0.04 | ± | 0.09 | 0.71 | ± | 1.74 | 4.82 | ± | 7.16 | 1.02 | ± | 1.87 |
Genus | ||||||||||||
Corynebacterium | 1.37 | ± | 1.26 | 1.08 | ± | 2.48 | 0.09 | ± | 0.14 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 |
Propionibacterium | 1.98 | ± | 2.87a | 8.40 | ± | 12.08ab | 0.04 | ± | 0.05b | 0.05 | ± | 0.10b |
Bacteroides0.00±0.000.00±0.000.00±0.001.48±1.09Staphylococcus | 2.57 | ± | 4.40 | 0.68 | ± | 1.53 | 0.04 | ± | 0.07 | 0.06 | ± | 0.10 |
Lactobacillus | 5.00 | ± | 5.96 | 4.48 | ± | 6.41 | 1.14 | ± | 2.22 | 0.33 | ± | 0.62 |
Streptococcus | 0.67 | ± | 0.51a | 0.39 | ± | 0.89ab | 0.04 | ± | 0.06b | 0.05 | ± | 0.08b |
Faecalibacterium | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.10 | ± | 1.17 |
Ruminococcus | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.69 | ± | 1.30 |
Methylobacterium | 1.99 | ± | 2.95a | 2.91 | ± | 6.04ab | 0.04 | ± | 0.04b | 0.08 | ± | 0.17b |
Paracoccus | 1.21 | ± | 2.58 | 0.06 | ± | 0.14 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 |
Aquabacterium | 0.86 | ± | 1.37 | 5.36 | ± | 8.00 | 0.02 | ± | 0.02 | 0.07 | ± | 0.14 |
Janthinobacterium | 1.37 | ± | 2.20a | 0.22 | ± | 0.53b | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.08 | ± | 0.19b |
Glaciecola | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.88 | ± | 4.61 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 |
Shewanella | 6.26 | ± | 12.35 | 1.34 | ± | 3.27 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.02 | ± | 0.05 |
Escherichia | 8.28 | ± | 16.39a | 7.23 | ± | 6.63a | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.03 | ± | 0.06b |
Cobetia | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 3.63 | ± | 5.66 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 |
Aggregatibacter | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 3.17 | ± | 7.77 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 |
Acinetobacter | 0.95 | ± | 1.79 | 0.11 | ± | 0.28 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.01 | ± | 0.02 |
Enhydrobacter | 1.90 | ± | 1.73 | 4.81 | ± | 7.30 | 0.05 | ± | 0.07 | 0.07 | ± | 0.16 |
Psychrobacter | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 1.35 | ± | 3.30 | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.02 | ± | 0.03 |
Enterovibrio | 0.00 | ± | 0.00 | 0.01 | ± | 0.02 | 0.02 | ± | 0.50 | 3.72 | ± | 8.32 |
Photobacterium | 0.65 | ± | 0.96 | 17.75 | ± | 25.22 | 0.22 | ± | 0.50 | 18.69 | ± | 36.78 |
Vibrio | 7.82 | ± | 10.62 | 0.74 | ± | 1.81 | 12.92 | ± | 11.90 | 30.00 | ± | 42.93 |
Mycoplasma | 0.04 | ± | 0.08 | 0.71 | ± | 1.74 | 4.81 | ± | 7.16 | 1.02 | ± | 1.87 |
Means in the same row with different letters indicate statistical significance between taxonomic groups’ abundances (p<0.05)