Table 1. The relationship between maternal gut metabolites and effects of the immune system in offspring.
| Maternal gut metabolites derived from gut microbiota | Effect of immune system in offspring | References |
|---|---|---|
| Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) | Ameliorate allergic airway diseases | [22] |
| Ameliorate type 1 diabetes | [65] | |
| Increase the number of tTreg | [11] | |
| Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands | Increase the number of NKp46 ILC3 cells | [20] |
| Vitamin C | DNA methylation of female fetal germ cells | [55] |
| Vitamin D and E | Decrease risk of childhood asthma | [56, 57] |
| Retinoic acid | Increase the number of ILC3 cells | [21] |