Table 1.
Results from descriptive analyses and heirarchical, multivariable logistic regression analyses comparing participants currently on PrEP, former PrEP users, and PrEP-naïve, Together 5000 (T5K), 2017–2018.
| Total | Not enrolled | Enrolled | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 10,504 | n = 1,727 | n = 8,777 | ||||||||||||||||
| Currently on PrEP | Never used PrEP | Former PrEP use | Current PrEP users vs PrEP-Naïve | Current PrEP users vs Former PrEP users | Former PrEP vs PrEP-Naïve | |||||||||||||
| n = 1,727 | n = 7,525 | n = 1,252 | Ref = PrEP-Naïve | Ref = Former PrEP users | Ref = PrEP-Naïve | |||||||||||||
| Characteristic | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | aOR | 95% CI | p-value | aOR | 95% CI | p-value | aOR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gender | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| Cis-man | 10259 | (97.7) | 1705 | (98.7) | 7343 | (97.6) | 1211 | (96.7) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Trans-woman | 65 | (0.6) | 2 | (0.1) | 59 | (0.8) | 4 | (0.3) | 0.28 | 0.10–0.82 | 0.02 | 0.39 | 0.03–5.18 | 0.48 | 0.56 | 0.11–2.75 | 0.47 | |
| Trans-man | 63 | (0.6) | 10 | (0.6) | 44 | (0.6) | 9 | (0.7) | 1.27 | 0.41–3.88 | 0.68 | 0.86 | 0.44–1.67 | 0.66 | 1.34 | 0.78–2.31 | 0.28 | |
| Non-binary (male at birth) | 117 | (1.1) | 10 | (0.6) | 79 | (1.1) | 28 | (2.2) | 0.82 | 0.50–1.35 | 0.43 | 0.29 | 0.11–0.77 | 0.01 | 2.03 | 1.44–2.86 | <.0001 | |
| Race/Ethnicity | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| White | 5264 | (50.1) | 955 | (55.3) | 3672 | (48.8) | 637 | (50.9) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Black or African American | 1311 | (12.5) | 155 | (9.0) | 1009 | (13.4) | 147 | (11.7) | 0.92 | 0.71–1.18 | 0.51 | 0.87 | 0.74–1.02 | 0.08 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.09 | 0.82 | |
| Latino | 2608 | (24.8) | 381 | (22.1) | 1932 | (25.7) | 295 | (23.6) | 0.95 | 0.83–1.09 | 0.45 | 0.93 | 0.73–1.20 | 0.59 | 0.96 | 0.77–1.20 | 0.71 | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 394 | (3.8) | 83 | (4.8) | 253 | (3.4) | 58 | (4.6) | 0.90 | 0.77–1.05 | 0.18 | 0.81 | 0.67–0.98 | 0.03 | 1.15 | 0.76–1.73 | 0.51 | |
| Multiracial/Other | 927 | (8.8) | 153 | (8.9) | 659 | (8.8) | 115 | (9.2) | 1.03 | 0.82–1.29 | 0.81 | 1.15 | 0.73–1.82 | 0.55 | 0.94 | 0.66–1.32 | 0.70 | |
| Sexual orientation | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| Gay, Queer, Homosexual | 8888 | (84.6) | 1574 | (91.1) | 6194 | (82.3) | 1120 | (89.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Bisexual | 1488 | (14.2) | 142 | (8.2) | 1223 | (16.3) | 123 | (9.8) | 0.67 | 0.62–0.72 | <.0001 | 1.03 | 0.85–1.26 | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.49–0.81 | 0.0003 | |
| Other | 128 | (1.2) | 11 | (0.6) | 108 | (1.4) | 9 | (0.7) | 0.60 | 0.30–1.18 | 0.14 | 1.89 | 0.45–7.96 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.22–0.81 | 0.01 | |
| Employment Status (current) | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| Full-time | 6652 | (63.3) | 1257 | (72.8) | 4623 | (61.4) | 772 | (61.7) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Part-time | 1345 | (12.8) | 185 | (10.7) | 980 | (13.0) | 180 | (14.4) | 1.17 | 0.99–1.39 | 0.06 | 0.95 | 0.79–1.15 | 0.60 | 1.23 | 0.99–1.53 | 0.06 | |
| Working or full-time student | 1492 | (14.2) | 162 | (9.4) | 1182 | (15.7) | 148 | (11.8) | 1.14 | 0.99–1.30 | 0.06 | 1.10 | 0.90–1.34 | 0.36 | 1.00 | 0.82–1.22 | 0.98 | |
| Unemployed/Other | 1015 | (9.7) | 123 | (7.1) | 740 | (9.8) | 152 | (12.1) | 1.09 | 0.92–1.29 | 0.32 | 0.72 | 0.60–0.86 | 0.0004 | 1.43 | 1.11–1.83 | 0.005 | |
| Highest level of Education | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| < High school diploma | 283 | (2.7) | 14 | (0.8) | 238 | (3.2) | 31 | (2.5) | 0.75 | 0.52–1.08 | 0.12 | 0.63 | 0.49–0.82 | 0.001 | 1.32 | 0.92–1.90 | 0.13 | |
| High school diploma or GED | 1516 | (14.4) | 125 | (7.2) | 1254 | (16.7) | 137 | (10.9) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Some college or associate degree | 4467 | (42.5) | 518 | (30.0) | 3440 | (45.7) | 509 | (40.7) | 1.22 | 1.00–1.48 | 0.05 | 0.94 | 0.65–1.37 | 0.76 | 1.23 | 1.00–1.52 | 0.05 | |
| College graduate or higher | 4238 | (40.3) | 1070 | (62.0) | 2593 | (34.5) | 575 | (45.9) | 1.91 | 1.65–2.20 | <.0001 | 1.31 | 0.93–1.84 | 0.13 | 1.50 | 1.25–1.79 | <.0001 | |
| Income | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| Less than $20,000 | 3359 | (32.0) | 292 | (16.9) | 2703 | (35.9) | 364 | (29.1) | 0.47 | 0.37–0.59 | <.0001 | 0.70 | 0.59–0.83 | <.0001 | 0.79 | 0.68–0.92 | 0.003 | |
| $20,000-$49,999 | 4156 | (39.6) | 597 | (34.6) | 3047 | (40.5) | 512 | (40.9) | 0.69 | 0.60–0.80 | <.0001 | 0.81 | 0.69–0.95 | 0.01 | 0.97 | 0.78–1.19 | 0.75 | |
| $50,000 or more | 2989 | (28.5) | 838 | (48.5) | 1775 | (23.6) | 376 | (30.0) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Region | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| Northeast | 1671 | (16.0) | 396 | (23.0) | 1007 | (13.4) | 268 | (21.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| South | 4957 | (47.3) | 618 | (36.0) | 3854 | (51.4) | 485 | (38.9) | 0.84 | 0.69–1.02 | 0.08 | 1.20 | 1.00–1.44 | 0.05 | 0.64 | 0.55–0.75 | <.0001 | |
| Midwest | 1472 | (14.1) | 243 | (14.1) | 1050 | (14.0) | 179 | (14.3) | 0.80 | 0.76–0.84 | <.0001 | 1.03 | 0.98–1.08 | 0.28 | 0.77 | 0.74–0.82 | <.0001 | |
| West | 2293 | (21.9) | 453 | (26.4) | 1529 | (20.4) | 311 | (24.9) | 0.80 | 0.77–0.83 | <.0001 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.11 | 0.81 | 0.77–0.85 | <.0001 | |
| Pacific/US Territories/Other | 78 | (0.7) | 9 | (0.5) | 64 | (0.9) | 5 | (0.4) | 0.48 | 0.46–0.50 | <.0001 | 2.00 | 1.55–2.59 | <.0001 | 0.55 | 0.49–0.61 | <.0001 | |
| Medicaid Expansion State§ | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 5556 | (53.2) | 1152 | (67.1) | 3640 | (48.7) | 764 | (61.2) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| No | 4883 | (46.8) | 565 | (32.9) | 3834 | (51.3) | 484 | (38.8) | 0.62 | 0.50–0.76 | <.0001 | 0.75 | 0.60–0.94 | 0.01 | 0.87 | 0.74–1.03 | 0.11 | |
| Housing instability | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes, within the last 5 years | 2125 | (20.2) | 213 | (12.3) | 1601 | (21.3) | 311 | (24.8) | 0.79 | 0.65–0.96 | 0.02 | 0.54 | 0.43–0.69 | <.0001 | 1.36 | 1.27–1.46 | <.0001 | |
| No or not within the last 5 years | 8379 | (79.8) | 1514 | (87.7) | 5924 | (78.7) | 941 | (75.2) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Sex work in the past 3 months | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1504 | (14.3) | 165 | (9.6) | 1127 | (15.0) | 212 | (16.9) | 0.97 | 0.81–1.17 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.66–0.82 | <.0001 | 1.25 | 1.10–1.43 | 0.001 | |
| No | 9000 | (85.7) | 1562 | (90.5) | 6398 | (85.0) | 1040 | (83.1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Last HIV Test | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| 6 months or less | 5369 | (51.1) | 1621 | (93.9) | 2907 | (38.6) | 841 | (67.2) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| 7–12 months ago | 1690 | (16.1) | 76 | (4.4) | 1370 | (18.2) | 244 | (19.5) | 0.11 | 0.08–0.14 | <.0001 | 0.16 | 0.12–0.22 | <.0001 | 0.62 | 0.58–0.66 | <.0001 | |
| A year ago or longer | 2319 | (22.1) | 27 | (1.6) | 2145 | (28.5) | 147 | (11.7) | 0.02 | 0.02–0.03 | <.0001 | 0.10 | 0.07–0.13 | <.0001 | 0.23 | 0.21–0.25 | <.0001 | |
| I have never been tested | 1126 | (10.7) | 3 | (0.2) | 1103 | (14.7) | 20 | (1.6) | 0.01 | 0.00–0.02 | <.0001 | 0.12 | 0.04–0.35 | 0.0001 | 0.08 | 0.05–0.13 | <.0001 | |
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |||||||||||
| Age* | 30.9 | (7.9) | 33.4 | (7.3) | 30.2 | (8.0) | 31.5 | (7.1) | *** | 1.20 | 1.16–1.24 | <.0001 | 1.19 | 1.15–1.23 | <.0001 | 1.07 | 1.04–1.10 | <.0001 |
| No. of recent (< 3 months) male sex partners** | 6.6 | (9.7) | 9.7 | (12.8) | 5.8 | (8.6) | 7.3 | (10.2) | *** | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 | <.0001 | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 | 0.002 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.23 |
| No. of receptive CAS acts** | 4.6 | (11.1) | 6.9 | (12.4) | 4.0 | (10.6) | 5.2 | (11.3) | *** | 1.02 | 1.00–1.04 | 0.13 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.02 | 0.18 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | <.0001 |
| No. of insertive CAS acts** | 4.6 | (8.9) | 6.5 | (12.7) | 4.1 | (7.6) | 5.3 | (9.2) | *** | 1.01 | 1.00–1.02 | 0.13 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.06 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.02 | 0.07 |
| No. of positive male partners** | 0.9 | (10.6) | 2.2 | (24.6) | 0.6 | (3.8) | 1.1 | (4.1) | *** | 1.01 | 0.97–1.05 | 0.61 | 1.01 | 0.97–1.06 | 0.60 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.39 |
*
Age differences calculated for 5 year increase
**
Recorded for the past 3 months
***
Significant bivariate differences <0.01
§
States that had not adopted the expansion, were still debating expansion, or had adopted expansion but not yet extended coverage by October 2017 were marked as non-adopters/no coverage