Table 3.

Major signs and biomarkers for pulmonary and myocardiac injury in COVID-19

Pulmonary injury

•Respiratory rate, >24 breaths per min •Hypoxemia (PaO2 decline, PaO2:FiO2 ratio <100–150 mm Hg; SaO2 < 95%) •Hypercapnia and acidosis (PaCO2 elevation, respiratory, metabolic or combined) •Pulmonary hypertension

Myocardiac injury

•Lactate dehydrogenase, >245 U/L •Creatinine, >133 μmol/L •Creatine kinase, >185 U/L •Creatine kinase–MB fraction, >2 ng/mL •High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, >28 pg/mL •Myoblobin, >30 μg/L •N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), >300 pg/mL

Inflammation

•High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), >3.0 mg/L •Interleukin-6 (IL-6), >1 pg/mL •Ratio of neutrophils vs. lymphocytes, >5–10