Table 1.
Patients’ clinical and laboratory characteristics between MAKE and Non-MAKE patients in the Development Cohort (n = 2856)
| Clinical characteristics | MAKE (n = 1749) |
Non-MAKE (n = 1106) |
P value | Missing values, n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 65.8 ± 20.0 | 65.2 ± 16.7 | 0.460 | 0 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.50 ± 15.13 | 23.64 ± 5.89 | 0.767 | 4 (0.1) |
| Sex Male, n (%) | 944 (54.0) | 634 (57.3) | 0.082 | 1 (0) |
| Co-morbidity diseases | ||||
| HT | 784 (44.8) | 494 (44.7) | 0.969 | 2 (0.1) |
| DM | 524 (30.0) | 281 (25.5) | 0.009 | 11 (0.4) |
| CAD | 183 (10.5) | 117 (10.6) | 0.950 | 10 (0.4) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 119 (6.8) | 69 (6.3) | 0.588 | 9 (0.3) |
| Malignancy | 143 (8.2) | 82 (7.4) | 0.477 | 10 (0.4) |
| CKD | 278 (15.9) | 93 (8.4) | < 0.001 | 1 (0) |
| Chronic health points | 0.148 | 1 (0) | ||
| 0 | 1326 (75.8) | 818 (74.0) | ||
| 2 | 41 (2.3) | 39 (3.5) | ||
| 5 | 382 (21.8) | 249 (22.5) | ||
| Glasgow Coma Scale | 9.18 3.73 | 11.49 2.97 | < 0.001 | 0 |
| Temperature, degree Celsius | < 0.001 | 1 (0) | ||
| ≤ 29.9 | 2 (0.1) | 0 | ||
| 32–33.9 | 17(1.0) | 7 (0.6) | ||
| 34–35.9 | 176 (10.1) | 70 (6.3) | ||
| 36–38.4 | 1222 (69.9) | 875 (79.1) | ||
| 38.5–38.9 | 146 (8.3) | 82 (7.4) | ||
| 39–40.9 | 175 (10.0) | 71 (6.4) | ||
| ≥ 41 | 11 (0.6) | 1 (0.1) | ||
| Heart rate, beats per minute | < 0.001 | 1 (0) | ||
| ≤ 39 | 9 (0.5) | 9 (0.8) | ||
| 40–54 | 26 (1.5) | 19 (1.7) | ||
| 55–69 | 81 (4.6) | 92 (8.3) | ||
| 70–109 | 737 (42.1) | 563(50.9) | ||
| 110–139 | 672 (38.4) | 324 (29.3) | ||
| 140–179 | 216 (12.3) | 98 (8.9) | ||
| ≥ 180 | 8 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | ||
| Respiratory rate, breaths per minute | < 0.001 | 1 (0) | ||
| ≤ 5 | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | ||
| 6–9 | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.3) | ||
| 10–11 | 6 (0.3) | 6 (0.5) | ||
| 12–24 | 890 (50.9) | 760 (68.7) | ||
| 25–34 | 689 (39.4) | 292 (26.4) | ||
| 35–49 | 161 (9.2) | 44 (4.0) | ||
| ≥ 50 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | ||
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | < 0.001 | 5 (0.2) | ||
| ≥ 70 | 734 (42.0) | 678 (61.4) | ||
| < 70 | 81 (4.6) | 78 (7.1) | ||
| Dopamine ≤ 5 or any | 60 (3.4) | 39 (3.5) | ||
| Dopamine > 5–15 or norepinephrine ≤ 0.1 | 150 (8.6) | 97 (8.8) | ||
| 4, Dopamine > 15 or norepinephrine > 0.1 | 722 (41.3) | 212 (19.2) | ||
| Hematocrit, % | < 0.001 | 1 (0) | ||
| < 20 | 124 (7.1) | 34 (3.1) | ||
| 20–29.9 | 666 (38.1) | 244 (22.1) | ||
| 30–45.9 | 882 (50.4) | 748 (67.6) | ||
| 46–49.9 | 47 (2.7) | 58 (5.2) | ||
| 50–59.9 | 24 (1.4) | 20 (1.8) | ||
| ≥ 60 | 6 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | ||
| Platelet count, per µL | < 0.001 | 3 (0.1) | ||
| ≥ 150,000 | 1057 (60.5) | 845 (76.5) | ||
| < 150,000 | 265 (15.2) | 136 (12.3) | ||
| < 100,000 | 238 (13.6) | 76 (6.9) | ||
| < 50,000 | 124 (7.1) | 36 (3.3) | ||
| < 20,000 | 64 (3.7) | 12 (1.1) | ||
| Serum sodium, mEq/L | < 0.001 | 1 (0) | ||
| ≤ 110 | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | ||
| 111–119 | 15 (0.9) | 9 (0.8) | ||
| 120–129 | 184 (10.5) | 75 (6.8) | ||
| 130–149 | 1469 (84.0) | 998 (90.2) | ||
| 150–154 | 64 (3.7) | 15 (1.4) | ||
| 155–159 | 10 (0.6) | 5 (0.5) | ||
| 160–179 | 4 (0.2) | 3 (0.3) | ||
| ≥ 180 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | ||
| Serum potassium, mEq/L | < 0.001 | 1 (0) | ||
| < 2.5 | 18 (1.0) | 15 (1.4) | ||
| 2.5–2.9 | 81 (4.6) | 39 (3.5) | ||
| 3–3.4 | 261 (14.9) | 183 (16.5) | ||
| 3.5–5.4 | 1198 (68.5) | 823 (74.4) | ||
| 5.6–5.9 | 87 (5.0) | 28 (2.5) | ||
| 6–6.9 | 69 (3.9) | 13 (1.2) | ||
| ≥ 7 | 35 (2.0) | 5 (0.5) | ||
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 39.8 (23.9, 65.0) | 23 (15.0, 35.0) | < 0.001a | 1 (0) |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | < 0.001 | 1 (0) | ||
| < 0.6 | 65 (3.7) | 73 (6.6) | ||
| 0.6–1.4 | 489 (28.0) | 587 (53.1) | ||
| 1.5–1.9 | 264 (15.1) | 213 (19.3) | ||
| 2–3.4 | 453 (25.9) | 165 (14.9) | ||
| ≥ 3.5 | 478 (27.3) | 68 (6.1) | ||
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | < 0.001 | 8 (0.3) | ||
| < 1.2 | 1266 (72.6) | 911 (82.6) | ||
| 1.2–1.9 | 151 (8.7) | 82 (7.4) | ||
| 2.0–5.9 | 211 (12.1) | 87 (7.9) | ||
| 6.0–11.9 | 78 (4.5) | 16 (1.5) | ||
| ≥ 12 | 39 (2.2) | 7 (0.6) | ||
| PaO2/FiO2 | < 0.001 | 2 (0.1) | ||
| > 400 | 368 (21.0) | 296 (26.8) | ||
| ≤ 400 | 332 (19.0) | 250 (22.6) | ||
| ≤ 300 | 494 (28.2) | 316 (28.6) | ||
| ≤ 200 with respiratory support | 335 (19.2) | 181 (16.4) | ||
| ≤ 100 with respiratory support | 220 (12.6) | 62 (5.6) | ||
| Arterial pH | < 0.001 | 1 (0) | ||
| 7.15 | 154 (8.8) | 15 (1.4) | ||
| 7.15–7.24 | 157 (9.0) | 32 (2.9) | ||
| 7.25–7.32 | 205 (11.7) | 83 (7.5) | ||
| 7.33–7.49 | 875 (50.0) | 689 (62.3) | ||
| 7.5–7.59 | 106 (6.1) | 86 (7.9) | ||
| 7.6–7.69 | 72 (4.1) | 55 (5.0) | ||
| ≥ 7.7 | 73 (4,2) | 27 (2.4) | ||
| Urine output, liter | 0.59 (0.19, 1.31) | 0.86 (0.4, 1.56) | < 0.001a | 23 (0.8) |
| Net fluid balance, liter | 1.31 (0.36, 2.63) | 0.70 (0, 1.62) | < 0.001a | 22 (0.8) |
| Mechanical ventilation (day 1) | 1541 (88.3) | 772 (69.9) | < 0.001 | 5 (0.2) |
| Vasopressor (day 1) | 939 (53.8) | 350 (31.7) | < 0.001 | 6 (0.2) |
| APACHE II | 21.85 ± 6.82 | 15.89 ± 6.53 | < 0.001 | 0 |
| SOFA day 1 | 9.40 ± 3.98 | 5.83 ± 3.50 | < 0.001 | 6 (0.2) |
| LOS in ICU | 5 (2, 10) | 4 (2, 8) | 0.243a | 18 (0.6) |
| LOS in hospital | 11 (5, 24) | 13 (7, 24) | 0.002a | 7 (0.2) |
aIndependent Samples Kruskal–Wallis Test