Rectal ZIKV immunization leads to protective immune responses against subcutaneous ZIKV challenge. (A) t-SNE plots showing spatially distinct immune cell populations in the spleens of unprimed and mucosally primed (PVR-Primed and mB-Primed, respectively) mice after 21 days of rectal immunization with ZIKV, followed by subcutaneous ZIKV challenge for 3 and 7 days. Results are representative of one of two independent experiments. (B) The percentage of splenic monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, B cells, CD4+ T cells, memory CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CD27+ CD62L+), CD8a+ T cells, and memory CD8+ T cells (CD8+ CD27+ CD62L+) determined for unprimed and primed animals (PRV-Prm and mB-Prm, respectively) at D3 and D7 postsubcutaneous ZIKV challenge. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison tests were conducted. *, P < 0.01; **, P < 0.001; ***, P < 0.0001; ns, no significance.