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. 2020 Apr 16;94(9):e01567-19. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01567-19

FIG 9.

FIG 9

Virus infection is inhibited by mucin, with greater inhibition when O-acetyl groups are removed. Virus infection is also inhibited by serum, with no clear difference between Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc presence. (A) A/California/04/2009 (pH1N1), A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8, H1N1), and A/Victoria/361/2011 (Victoria H3N2) were mixed with 20 μg of BSM or BSM pretreated with esterase-active bovine coronavirus (BCoV HE-Fc) to remove O-acetyl modifications (BSM+Est). The mixture was then used to infect cells at an MOI of 0.5 for 10 h. Infectivity was determined by flow cytometry analysis for NP-positive cells. (B) A/California/04/2009 (pH1N1), A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8 H1N1), and A/Victoria/361/2011 (Victoria H3N2) were mixed with sera from either WT mice (Neu5Gc) or CMAH−/− mice (Neu5Ac). The mixture was then used to infect cells at an MOI of 0.5 for 10 h. Infectivity was determined by flow cytometry analysis for NP-positive cells. The data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA using PRISM software. *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001.