Table 1.
Examples and clinical status of nanocarriers-based prophylactic vaccines.
| Infectious/Non- infectious | Targeted disease | Nanocarrier | Exploited antigen | Clinical status | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infectious | Influenza | T7 phage VLP | HA, M2e | Preclinical | [167] |
| Influenza | Human ferritin cage | M2e | Preclinical | [60] | |
| Influenza | α-helix self- assembling peptide nanoparticles | M2e/CFA+IFA | Preclinical | [168] | |
| Influenza | α-helix self- assembling peptide nanoparticles | Helix C, M2e/flagellin, PADRE | Preclinical | [169] | |
| Influenza | Liposomes | H1N1 Split virus | Phase I | [170] | |
| Influenza | Gold nanoparticles | Extracellular portion of M2 protein (influenza virus) | Preclinical | [171] | |
| Influenza | Thermotoga maritima encapsulin | M2e, GFP/CFA | Preclinical | [172] | |
| Influenza | Self-assembled peptide nanofibers (Q11 self-assembly domain) | Influenza acid polymerase (PA) | Preclinical | [69] | |
| Malaria | Self-assembling protein nanoparticle (SAPN) | FMP014 | Preclinical | [173] | |
| Malaria | β-sheet fibers | (NANP)3 | Preclinical | [66] | |
| Malaria | α-helix fibers | PbCSP | Preclinical | [72] | |
| Malaria | Liposomes | RTS,S | Phase I/II | [174], [175], [176] | |
| Malaria | Iron oxide nanoparticles | Merozoite surface protein | Preclinical | [141] | |
| Malaria | Gold nanoparticles | Pf CSP (P. falciparum) | Preclinical | [177] | |
| HIV | α-helix self- assembling peptide nanoparticles | 2F5, 4E10/IFA | Preclinical | [131] | |
| HIV | Gold nanoparticles | HIV-1 Env plasmid | Preclinical | [178] | |
| HIV | Gold nanoparticles | HIV Gag p17 and CMV pp65 | Preclinical | [161] | |
| HIV | Chitosan and Hyaluronic acid nanoparticles | PCS peptide | Preclinical | [159] | |
| HIV | Silver nanorods | HIV Gag | Preclinical | [160] | |
| Tuberculosis | β-sheet fibers | ESAT6, TB10.4, Ag85B/Pam2Cys | Preclinical | [67] | |
| Tuberculosis | Self-assembling peptide nanofibers | Mtb-specific CD8+ or CD4+ T cell epitopes | Preclinical | [67] | |
| Tuberculosis | Liposomes | M72, H1 protein | Phase I | [179] | |
| Tuberculosis | Chitosan nanoparticle | DNA encoding T cell epitopes of Esat-6 and FL | Preclinical | [107] | |
| Tuberculosis | Chitosan nanoparticle | Mycobacterium lipids | Preclinical | [136] | |
| Pneumonia | Qβ phage | Tetra saccharide/NKT cell adjuvant | Preclinical | [180] | |
| Pneumonia | Polyanhydride nanoparticle | Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) | Preclinical | [123] | |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | P22 phage | M, M2 | Preclinical | [58] | |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | Liposomes | Envelope (E) protein | Preclinical | [181] | |
| MCMV respiratory infection | PLGA micro/nano | EP67 conjugated to MCMV CTL epitope | Preclinical | [182] | |
| Hepatitis B | Chitosan nanoparticles | Recombinant Hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) | Preclinical | [183] | |
| Hepatitis B | Poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanospheres | Hepatitis B surface antigen | Preclinical | [99] | |
| Chlamydia | Vault | PmpG | Preclinical | [64] | |
| Toxoplasmosis | α-helix self- assembling peptide nanoparticles | 5 CD8+ T cell epitopes/ PADRE, flagellin, GLA-SE | Preclinical | [74] | |
| GAS infection | Lipopeptide based nano carrier systems (LCP) | B cell epitopes of the M protein (J14) and the SfbI protein (FNBR-B) | Preclinical | [184] | |
| Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections | PLGA | Lipopeptide-based vaccine candidate (LCP-1) | Preclinical | [185] | |
| human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) | ISCOMATRIX | Tax, gp21, gp46, and gag | Preclinical | [94] | |
| Dengue | Liposomes | Envelope (E) protein | Preclinical | [181] | |
| Meningitidis | Liposomes | Outer membrane proteins and deacetylated lipo-oligosaccharide | Phase I | [186] | |
| Anthrax | Poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanospheres | PAD4 | Preclinical | [101] | |
| Newcastle disease | Chitosan nanoparticles | Live virus vaccine | Preclinical | [187] | |
| Tetanus | Gold nanoparticles | Tetanus toxoid bulk from Clostridium tetani | Preclinical | [188] | |
| Foot and mouth disease | Gold nanoparticles | FMDV peptide | Preclinical | [189] | |
| Enterohemorrhagic Infection | Gold nanoparticles | LomW and EscC | Preclinical | [129] | |
| Non-infectious | Melanoma | Hepatitis B VLP | Melanoma peptides | Preclinical | [190] |
| Melanoma | E2 cage | gp100 | Preclinical | [59] | |
| Cancer | Metal organic framework nanoparticle | Cytomembrane of fused DCs and Cancer Cells | Preclinical | [77] | |
| Cancer | Fe3O4 magnetic nanoclusters | Cancer cell membrane | Preclinical | [191] | |
| Cancer (EGFRvIII) | α-helix fibers | PEPvIII, SIINFEKL/ PADRE | Preclinical | [65] | |
| Cystic fibrosis | Nanoemulsion | Proteobacterial outer membrane protein (OMPs) | Preclinical | [192] |