Table 4.
Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values (with 95% confidence intervals) on the evaluation data set of manual selection and gaze-derived models for predicting relevance of targets. Rows are sorted by manual selection performance.
| Target | Number of positive samples in evaluation data set | Manual selection models | Gaze-derived models |
| Alanine aminotransferase | 10 | 0.97a (1.00, 0.96) | 0.90 (0.96, 0.83) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase | 10 | 0.96a (1.00, 0.93) | 0.70 (0.80, 0.59) |
| Norepinephrine | 13 | 0.85 (0.93, 0.77) | 0.82 (0.90, 0.73) |
| Levothyroxine | 1 | 0.81 (0.85, 0.75) | 0.99a (1.00, 0.97) |
| Fraction of inspired oxygen | 27 | 0.77 (0.86, 0.66) | 0.71 (0.80, 0.59) |
| Vancomycin | 17 | 0.76a (0.87, 0.65) | 0.61 (0.73, 0.50) |
| Total bilirubin | 12 | 0.75a (0.85, 0.60) | 0.38 (0.54, 0.21) |
| Bicarbonate, arterial | 1 | 0.75 (0.83, 0.66) | 0.85 (0.91, 0.78) |
| Aspirin | 3 | 0.72a (0.80, 0.62) | 0.12 (0.19, 0.06) |
| pH | 6 | 0.71a (0.85, 0.56) | 0.53 (0.70, 0.38) |
| Troponin | 3 | 0.71 (0.79, 0.61) | 1.00a (1.00, 1.00) |
| Lactate | 11 | 0.70 (0.83, 0.57) | 0.62 (0.76, 0.49) |
| Temperature | 42 | 0.70a (0.81, 0.58) | 0.48 (0.61, 0.37) |
| Lorazepam | 3 | 0.70 (0.80, 0.62) | 0.65 (0.74, 0.56) |
| Ventilator mode | 20 | 0.70 (0.80, 0.58) | 0.64 (0.76, 0.52) |
| Dextrose in water | 3 | 0.69 (0.92, 0.36) | 0.67 (0.98, 0.27) |
| Partial pressure of oxygen | 6 | 0.67a (0.89, 0.45) | 0.36 (0.59, 0.15) |
| Bilirubin direct | 9 | 0.67 (0.81, 0.55) | 0.52 (0.63, 0.35) |
| Heparin | 16 | 0.65 (0.77, 0.52) | 0.62 (0.76, 0.46) |
| Ionized calcium | 1 | 0.65 (0.75, 0.56) | 0.58 (0.68, 0.49) |
| Propofol | 6 | 0.64 (0.87, 0.40) | 0.55 (0.85, 0.25) |
| Piperacillin-tazobactam | 15 | 0.64 (0.81, 0.45) | 0.48 (0.63, 0.31) |
| Famotidine | 6 | 0.64a (0.77, 0.50) | 0.41 (0.63, 0.21) |
| Potassium | 26 | 0.63 (0.73, 0.50) | 0.49 (0.63, 0.39) |
| White blood cells | 50 | 0.61 (0.74, 0.48) | 0.60 (0.71, 0.47) |
| Bands | 15 | 0.60a (0.75, 0.47) | 0.34 (0.49, 0.21) |
| Vancomycin trough | 4 | 0.59 (0.87, 0.31) | 0.59 (0.99, 0.19) |
| Blood urea nitrogen | 30 | 0.59 (0.70, 0.47) | 0.58 (0.69, 0.46) |
| Intravenous base solution | 19 | 0.58 (0.72, 0.45) | 0.48 (0.61, 0.35) |
| Oxygen saturation | 29 | 0.57 (0.69, 0.46) | 0.50 (0.63, 0.40) |
| Intake and output | 43 | 0.57 (0.69, 0.44) | 0.58 (0.71, 0.46) |
| Heart rate | 42 | 0.55 (0.66, 0.41) | 0.59 (0.71, 0.46) |
| Prothrombin time | 4 | 0.53 (0.81, 0.27) | 0.73 (0.94, 0.48) |
| Pantoprazole | 9 | 0.53 (0.71, 0.40) | 0.64 (0.77, 0.48) |
| Bicarbonate, venous | 15 | 0.53 (0.68, 0.40) | 0.55 (0.69, 0.43) |
| Glomerular filtration rate | 1 | 0.53a (0.63, 0.44) | 0.40 (0.50, 0.31) |
| Hydrocortisone | 5 | 0.52a (0.77, 0.27) | 0.31 (0.58, 0.10) |
| Metoprolol | 7 | 0.52a (0.70, 0.34) | 0.30 (0.45, 0.16) |
| Glucose | 21 | 0.51 (0.64, 0.39) | 0.51 (0.63, 0.38) |
| Insulin | 13 | 0.50 (0.65, 0.37) | 0.51 (0.67, 0.36) |
| Platelets | 30 | 0.50 (0.63, 0.39) | 0.42 (0.54, 0.31) |
| Respiratory rate | 17 | 0.49 (0.61, 0.36) | 0.59 (0.71, 0.45) |
| Central venous pressure | 2 | 0.47 (0.68, 0.27) | 0.64 (0.99, 0.26) |
| Creatinine | 59 | 0.47 (0.67, 0.28) | 0.40 (0.58, 0.23) |
| Magnesium | 9 | 0.47 (0.60, 0.36) | 0.56 (0.72, 0.39) |
| Albumin | 1 | 0.46 (0.55, 0.35) | 0.72a (0.80, 0.63) |
| Phosphate | 12 | 0.45 (0.59, 0.33) | 0.54 (0.72, 0.37) |
| Sodium | 41 | 0.45 (0.56, 0.31) | 0.48 (0.61, 0.36) |
| Chloride | 12 | 0.44 (0.59, 0.29) | 0.39 (0.56, 0.23) |
| Blood pressure | 61 | 0.43 (0.64, 0.22) | 0.53 (0.75, 0.33) |
| Chlorhexidine topical | 6 | 0.43 (0.60, 0.25) | 0.48 (0.71, 0.26) |
| Partial thromboplastin time | 1 | 0.43a (0.54, 0.34) | 0.30 (0.40, 0.22) |
| Hemoglobin | 31 | 0.41 (0.53, 0.30) | 0.49 (0.61, 0.38) |
| Neutrophils | 4 | 0.39 (0.64, 0.21) | 0.45 (0.77, 0.16) |
| Fentanyl | 14 | 0.39 (0.53, 0.26) | 0.64a (0.78, 0.50) |
| Metronidazole | 13 | 0.39 (0.51, 0.22) | 0.44 (0.59, 0.29) |
| Furosemide | 3 | 0.39 (0.50, 0.27) | 0.40 (0.92, 0.09) |
| Calcium | 2 | 0.37 (0.54, 0.19) | 0.24 (0.43, 0.06) |
| Sodium chloride | 28 | 0.37 (0.50, 0.25) | 0.44 (0.54, 0.30) |
| International normalized ratio | 11 | 0.35 (0.52, 0.19) | 0.68a (0.81, 0.55) |
| Midazolam | 2 | 0.35 (0.51, 0.21) | 0.65a (0.79, 0.51) |
| Alkaline phosphatase | 5 | 0.33 (0.58, 0.08) | 0.78a (0.93, 0.64) |
| Acetaminophen | 1 | 0.31 (0.40, 0.22) | 0.80a (0.87, 0.71) |
| Ventilator tube status | 9 | 0.30 (0.45, 0.16) | 0.48 (0.65, 0.31) |
| Albuterol-ipratropium | 5 | 0.29 (0.49, 0.09) | 0.69 (0.97, 0.41) |
| Mean corpuscular volume | 2 | 0.27 (0.58, 0.02) | 0.14 (0.19, 0.09) |
| Partial pressure of carbon dioxide | 4 | 0.27 (0.36, 0.18) | 0.45 (0.61, 0.29) |
| Ventilator status | 2 | 0.16 (0.34, 0.02) | 0.43 (0.61, 0.24) |
aIndicates statistically significant difference at α=.05.