Peptides derived from up-regulated proteins in sEVs triggered antitumor immunity. (A) Two peptides derived from CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) were synthesized. (B) Experiment design. (C) Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis of differences of CD8+-interferon (IFN)γ+ T lymphocytes in the control group (phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with Freund's adjuvant) and peptide group (CDCP1 peptides with Freund's adjuvant; n = 3/group). (D) Primary 4T1 tumor sizes in the control group (immunization with PBS four times, at 5-day intervals) and peptide group (immunization with 200 µg CDCP1 peptides four times, at 5-day intervals; n = 6/group). (E) Primary 4T1 tumor growth curve in the control (immunization with PBS four times, at 5-day intervals) and peptide-treated group (immunization with 200 µg CDCP1 peptides four times, at 5-day intervals; n = 6/group). (F) Primary 4T1 tumor weights (n = 6/group). (G-H) Experimental metastasis model and in vivo imaging of the lungs in the control group (immunization with PBS four times, at 5-day intervals) and peptide group (immunization with 200 µg CDCP1 peptides four times, at 5-day intervals; n = 6/group). P-values were determined using a two-tailed Student's t-test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).