Table 1.

Documented or observed epidemiological factors for BCoV and ECoV

Epidemiological factors	BCoV (Winter dysentery)	ECoV
Case presentation	Epizootic	Sporadic and epizootic
Age of affected animals	Predominantly cattle	Predominantly adult horses
Seasonality	Usually during winter month (November to April)	Year around with increased reports during cold months (October to April)
Transmission route	Faeco‐oral	Suspected faeco‐oral for natural disease, naso‐oesophageal for experimental disease
Geographic distribution	More common in northern states	No geographic predilection
Morbidity rate	High (30–100%)	Variable (10–80%)
Mortality rate	Rare	Low
Incubation time	2–8 days	2–3 days
Outbreak duration	Less than 2 weeks	2–3 weeks
Period of illness	Few days to 1 week	Few days to 1 week
Clinical signs	Explosive diarrhoea, anorexia, depression, reduced milk production	Anorexia, depression, fever, less frequently diarrhoea, colic, neurological signs
Diagnosis	Antigen‐capture ELISA, fluorescent antibody, qPCR, electron microscopy	qPCR
Recovery	Fast, generally self‐limiting disease	Fast, generally self‐limiting disease
Prevention	Vaccination and biosecurity	Biosecurity

BCoV, bovine coronavirus; ECoV, equine coronavirus, quantitative PCR (qPCR).

This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.