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. 2011 Jul 1;21(5):1443–1460. doi: 10.1890/09-1409.1

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© 2011 by the Ecological Society of America

This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

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figure image — Human disease systems involving (a) vector‐borne (e.g., malaria), (b) zoonotic, and (c) vector‐borne zoonotic pathogens. Lines denote pathogen transmission. Double‐ended arrows denote bidirectional transmission. In panel (b), humans are infected through direct contact with wild or domestic animals and do not generally reinfect these reservoir hosts but may be infectious to other humans (i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS]). In the system depicted in panel (c), humans are not important to pathogen persistence or transmission but may be infected if exposed to the vector (i.e., Lyme, West Nile virus [WNV]).