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. 2020 Apr 16;138(6):1–10. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.0959

Table 2. Adjusted Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Models for Incidence of Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairmenta.

Characteristic No. HR (95% CI) P value
Probable dementia
Objective visual impairment in either eye
20/40 or worseb 183 2.14 (1.08-4.21) .03
20/80 or worsec 31 5.20 (1.94-13.95) .001
20/100 or worsed 21 5.66 (1.75-18.37) .004
Subjective visual impairmente 206 1.22 (0.56-2.66) .61
Mild cognitive impairment
Objective visual impairment in either eye
20/40 or worseb 183 1.84 (0.90-3.78) .10
20/80 or worsec 31 5.62 (1.94-16.33) .002
20/100 or worsed 21 6.43 (1.66-24.85) .007
Subjective visual impairmente 206 1.30 (0.61-2.77) .50
Both mild cognitive impairment and dementia
Objective visual impairment in either eye
20/40 or worseb 183 1.74 (1.02-2.97) .04
20/80 or worsec 31 4.42 (1.95-10.03) <.001
20/100 or worsed 21 5.54 (2.02-15.16) <.001
Subjective visual impairmente 206 1.27 (0.71-2.27) .42

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; 3MS, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination; WHISE, Women’s Health Initiative Sight Exam.

a

Twelve separate regression models were evaluated in total, assessing 3 outcomes of interest (probable dementia, MCI, and either probable dementia or MCI) and evaluating visual impairment as a risk factor defined in 4 different ways: objective visual impairment of 20/40 or worse, objective visual impairment of 20/80 or worse, objective visual impairment of 20/100 or worse, and presence of subjective visual impairment. Regression models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, hormone therapy (based on trial arm), self-reported educational level, self-reported physical activity, self-reported hearing loss, smoking status, 3MS Score at WHISE baseline, and self-reported systemic comorbidities (depression, cardiovascular disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic pulmonary disease, peptic ulcer disease, liver disease, leukemia or lymphoma, and diabetes).

b

Reference group: better than 20/40 visual acuity in either eye.

c

Reference group: better than 20/80 visual acuity in either eye.

d

Reference group: better than 20/100 visual acuity in either eye.

e

Reference group: no subjective visual impairment.