Table 1.

Summarised results from the other 15 Saudi studies on physical child abuse

No	Author and date	Study title	Nature of publication	Research design	Sample Size	Gender	Age range	Tools of data collection	Place of data collected	Study area
1	Al-Saud 2000	Child abuse in Riyadh: Types, causes and characteristics of victims.	Ph.D. thesis	Case study	82	Male/ female	Under 18	Standardized questionnaire	Hospitals	Riyadh
2	Ashul, 2003	Disciplining children in the family environment.	Peer-reviwed Arabic journal	Quantitative and qualitative analysis of questionnaire	126	Female	18–25	Standardized questionnaire	University	Dammam
3	Al-Zahrani 2004	Child abuse phenomenon in Saudi society.	Report of Home Office	Quantitative and qualitative analysis of questionnaire	2050	Male	10–17	Standardized questionnaire	Schools	Riyadh, Dammam, Makkah
4	Al-Zahrani 2005	Child abuse and neglect: Its causes and consequences in Saudi Arabia.	Ph.D. thesis	Quantitative and qualitative analysis of questionnaire	823	Male/ female	18–25	Standardized questionnaire	Home/ university	Riyadh
5	Al-Ayed et al. 1998	The spectrum of child abuse presenting to a university hospital in Riyadh.	Peer-reviewed Arabic journal	Individual child case study	13	Male/ female	1–11	Medical history	Hospital	Riyadh
6	Elkerdany et al. 1999	Fatal physical child abuse in two children of a family	Peer-reviewed Arabic journal	Individual case study	2	Male/ female	Under 2 years	Medical history	Hospital	Jubail
7	Karthikeyan et al. 2000	Child abuse: report of three cases from Khamis Mushayt	Peer-reviewed Arabic journal	Individual case study	3	Male/ female	Under 7 years	Medical history	Hospital	Khamis Mushayt
8	Alanazi 2008	The use of physical punishment on children in Saudi Arabia	Ph.D. thesis	Purposive sampling, data collection, quantitative analysis	530	Male/ female and parents	17–21; adults	Two standardized questionnaires: one for young people; one for parents.	Home/ university	Riyadh
9	Al Eissaa and Almuneef, 2011	Child abuse and neglect in Saudi Arabia	International journal article	Data collection form used, followed by descriptive analysis.	188	Male/ female	Mean age 5	Archive data collected by medical staff	Hospital	Riyadh
10	Al-Buhairan et al. 2011	Self-reported awareness of child maltreatment among school professionals in Saudi Arabia	International journal article	Stratified cluster random sampling. Descriptive analysis.	3777	Male professionals in schools	Adult	Self-administered questionnaire	Professionals in schools	Riyadh
11	Al-Yousif et al. 2005	Domestic violence: A field study in Saudi Arabia.	Report of Social Affair Ministry	Survey	491	Male/female	…….	Questionnaire	Hospitals	Riyadh
12	Council of Health Services, 2010	Child Maltreatment Registry, Annual Report, Council of Health Services.	Government report	Simple quantitative analysis based on web-forms	292	Male/female	Under 18	Government approved web-form completed at child protection centres	Hospitals	Riyadh
13	Council of Health Services, 2011	Child Maltreatment Registry, Annual Report, Council of Health Services.	Government report	Simple quantitative analysis based on web-forms	616	Male/ female	Under 18	Government approved web-form completed at child protection centres	Hospitals	Riyadh
14	Council of Health Services, 2012	Child Maltreatment Registry, Annual Report, Council of Health Services.	Government report	Simple quantitative analysis based on web-forms	263	Male/female	Under 18	Government approved web-form completed at child protection centres	Hospitals	Riyadh, Makkah, Eastern Provinces
15	Almuneef et al. 2014	Neglect, adverse childhood experiences, chronic diseases, and risky health behaviours in Saudi Arabia adults	International journal article	Survey	931	Male/female	Under 18	Standardised questionnaire. (ACE International Questionnaire)	Public venues	Riyadh