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. 2019 Feb 28;12(4):447–456. doi: 10.1007/s40653-019-00251-7

Table 2.

Services utilized prior to treatment entry by impaired caregiver subgroups

Substance use only Mental health problems only Substance use & Mental health problems None indicated
N = 498 N = 231 N = 305 N = 2282
Educational
School counselor 114 (23.6%) 67 (29.1%) 104 (34.7%) 604 (27.4%)
Special class 106 (21.9%) 70 (30.4%) a,d 105 (34.8%) a,d 409 (18.5%) b,c
Social services
Treatment foster care 36 (7.4%) 13 (5.7%) 21 (7.0%) 80 (3.6%) a,b,c
Child welfare 204 (42.1%) 100 (43.5%) 170 (56.3%) a,b,d 474 (21.5%) a,b,c
Foster care 107 (22.1%) a,d 29 (12.6%) a,c,d 80 (26.5%) b,d 149 (6.7%) a,b,c
Mental health services
In-home counseling 62 (12.8%) 34 (14.8%) 39 (12.9%) 184 (8.3%) a,b,c
Inpatient psychiatric 29 (6.0%) b,c 27 (11.7%) a,d 43 (14.2%) b,d 140 (6.3%) b,c
Outpatient therapy 186 (38.4%) d 80 (34.8%) d 116 (38.4%) d 629 (28.5%) a,b,c
Psychiatrist 93 (19.2%) d 50 (21.7%) d 75 (24.8%) d 290 (13.1%) a,b,c
Residential treatment 56 (11.5%) d 38 (16.5%) d 72 (23.8%) d 161 (7.3%) a,b,c
Case management 170 (35.1%) d 85 (37.1%) d 142 (47.0%) d 454 (20.6%) a,b,c
Group home 20 (4.1%) d 16 (7.0%) d 13 (4.3%) d 47 (2.1%) a,b,c
Day treatment program 31 (6.4%) 9 (3.9%) 12 (4.0%) 83 (3.8%)
Self-help groups 29 (6.0%) 12 (5.2%) 16 (5.3%) 83 (3.8%)
Juvenile Justice
Detention center 40 (8.3%) 8 (3.5%) 17 (5.6%) 147 (6.7%)
Probation officer 89 (18.4%) 28 (12.2%) 47 (15.6%) 266 (12.0%)
Healthcare
Primary care physician 65 (13.4%) 43 (18.7%) 54 (17.9%) 270 (12.2%)
Emergency room 26 (5.4%) 23 (10.0%) 27 (8.9%) 161 (7.3%)
Service utilization (2+ service types of 5) 297 (59.6%) c,d 149 (64.5%) d 222 (72.8%) a,d 967 (42.4%) a,b,c