Table 4.

Pre- and Post-Tests of effects of TIPE on PTSD symptoms and Psychosocial Factors for no/low PTSD (N/L) & high PTSD (H) Symptom Groups

			Pre	Post	Paired Sample T-Test
			M (SD)	M (SD)	t	df	p
PTSD Symptoms		N/L	27.42 (6.67)	34.48 (12.83)	− 4.476	95	0.000***
		H	50.09 (7.52)	31.93 (13.86)	8.188	44	0.000***
		Total	34.65 (13.02)	33.65 (13.11)	0.608	140	0.544
Psychosocial Factors	Violence	N/L	5.72 (4.24)	5.48 (3.77)	0.450	94	0.654
		H	6.78 (4.87)	6.18 (4.35)	0.703	44	0.486
		Total	6.07 (4.51)	5.75 (3.97)	0.694	142	0.489
	Sense of Community	N/L	6.98 (3.76)	6.35 (3.21)	− 3.005	95	0.003**
		H	6.67 (3.49)	7.84 (3.25)	− 1.674	44	0.101
		Total	6.83 (3.69)	8.19 (2.71)	− 3.542	143	0.001***
	Emotional Coping	N/L	6.35(3.01)	7.23 (2.94)	− 1.960	86	0.053
		H	7.15 (3.08)	6.74 (3.53)	0.515	38	0.609
		Total	6.55 (3.15)	7.13 (3.08)	− 1.271	126	0.206
	Problem Solving	N/L	9.47 (4.27)	10.16 (3.21)	− 1.250	86	0.215
		H	10.26 (3.51)	9.90 (4.26)	0.397	38	0.603
		Total	9.66 (4.09)	10.13 (3.57)	− 0.738	126	0.462
	Social Support	N/L	4.60 (2.55)	4.94 (1.89)	-1.011	94	0.315
		H	3.67 (2.54)	5.33 (2.50)	-3.278	44	0.002**
		Total	4.29 (2.56)	5.04 (2.10)	-2.756	142	0.007*
	Awareness	N/L	6.21 (3.64)	7.62 (3.37)	-2.683	86	0.009**
		H	8.44 (3.68)	8.15 (3.68)	0.347	38	0.731
		Total	6.87 (3.79)	7.76 (3.75)	-2.010	126	0.047*

Note: * p <0.05; ** p <0.01; *** p <0.001