Table 3.

Individual meta-analysis of individual risk and protective factors

Risk/protective factor	k	γ2	Q	Pest	95 confidence interval of Pest		Z	P
					Lower	Upper
Demographic variables
Age	21	0.008	498.110***	0.104	0.061	0.146	4.778	0.000***
Grade	11	0.073	731.400***	0.101	−0.061	0.259	1.221	0.222
Gender	38	0.027	2199.839***	0.141	0.088	0.194	5.159	0.000***
Only child	5	0.002	11.312*	0.005	−0.051	0.060	0.164	0.869
Father education	5	0.001	8.019	−0.049	−0.095	−0.003	−2.084	0.037*
Mother education	5	0.003	12.995*	−0.043	−0.101	0.016	−1.428	0.153
Urban vs. rural	7	0.001	12.290	0.079	0.051	0.108	5.456	0.000***
Pre-trauma factors
Physical health	3	0.145	569.11***	0.135	−0.289	0.514	0.615	0.539
Negative life events	5	0.010	56.100***	0.413	0.335	0.485	9.452	0.000***
Prior trauma	3	0.002	7.186*	0.127	0.067	0.186	4.141	0.000***
Objective trauma characteristics
Bereavement (Family Member)	12	0.010	126.221***	0.181	0.116	0.245	5.400	0.000***
Family member injured	8	0.002	27.854***	0.076	0.034	0.118	3.545	0.000***
Other injured/killed (e.g., friend)	7	0.008	37.766***	0.155	0.074	0.235	3.722	0.000***
Witnessed other injury/death	13	0.009	169.740***	0.146	0.089	0.203	4.943	0.000***
Separated from family	2	0.001	1.504	0.022	−0.028	0.072	0.859	0.391
Personal injury	14	0.007	96.342***	0.134	0.080	0.187	4.843	0.000***
Hospitalization/surgery/amputation	4	0.057	27.530***	0.085	−0.169	0.328	0.652	0.514
Trapped/buried	7	0.045	81.592	0.266	0.101	0.416	3.128	0.002**
House damage	14	0.006	99.837***	0.105	0.061	0.149	4.645	0.000***
Loss of property (excluding home)	9	0.002	27.856**	0.088	0.055	0.121	5.191	0.000***
Subjective trauma characteristics
Trauma severity	19	0.019	1106.753***	0.135	0.072	0.198	4.155	0.000***
Perceived threat/fear	6	0.016	38.509***	0.263	0.149	0.371	4.418	0.000***
Post-trauma individual factors
Positive coping	5	0.004	23.047***	−0.181	−0.239	−0.121	−5.885	0.000***
Negative coping	5	0.011	58.136***	0.309	0.221	0.392	6.579	0.000***
PTSD (Time 1)	7	0.051	406.690***	0.307	0.147	0.451	3.674	0.000***
Anxiety	2	0.004	9.298***	0.432	0.353	0.505	9.576	0.000***
Depression	7	0.120	762.596***	0.584	0.388	0.730	5.057	0.000***
Post-trauma environmental factors
Displacement	2	0.000	1.170	0.055	0.032	0.077	4.744	0.000***
Utilization of mental health services	2	0.046	7.684**	0.190	−0.124	0.469	1.190	0.234
Social support	9	0.010	218.045***	−0.137	−0.207	−0.065	−3.696	0.000***
Family violence (e.g., corporal punishment)	2	0.159	165.042***	0.294	−0.246	0.695	1.072	0.284

*** = p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05, k number of studies, γ ² tau square, Q test of heterogeneity, P _est point of estimate, p p-value