Table 2.
Opportunities for the control of invasive species and EIDs, with representative examples. Many of the control strategies apply to more than one phase. Options for the control of both EIDs and invaders decrease through the phases
| Phase | Invasion control | EID control and selected examples |
|---|---|---|
| I Introduction/translocation |
Transport control, for example, ballast water exchange/treatment (Ricciardi 2006) Fumigation/sanitary measures, for example, using synthetic pyrethroids in aircraft, methyl bromide and phosphine in cargo containers |
Transport control, for example, reduce/educate on contact limitation and hygiene measures (e.g. human simian contact, Wolfe et al. 2007); vector control (see invasion control for this phase) |
| II Contact/spillover |
Quarantine, import/export regulations/rapid response protocols, for example, GB Non‐native Species Secretariat; http://https//secure.fera.gov.uk/nonnativespecies/ |
Reduce reservoir populations and cross‐species contact (e.g. vaccinating reservoir hosts, culling grey squirrels to limit pox transmission) |
| III Establishment/Local persistence | Culling, trapping, eradication, biocontrol. Sterile male release, immunocontraception (inducing Allee effects; Taylor & Hastings 2005). Control corridors/manage individual invaded/native subpopulations (Chades et al. 2011) |
Contact control (within new species), for example, condoms to limit HIV transmission. Local eradication through infected host culling (e.g. culling pigs to limit Nipah virus spread). Local eradication through quarantine and isolation (SARS), hygiene, vaccination (e.g. bovine TB vaccination for cattle; Mathews 2009). Control corridors/manage individual infected or uninfected subpopulations (Chades et al. 2011) |
| IV Invasion/Pandemic spread |
Selective culling at pinch points Habitat management (e.g. limit corridors), for example, grey squirrels (Gurnell et al. 2006) |
Control movement at bottlenecks in dispersal (e.g. airport screening during SARS epidemic; cull grey squirrels in habitat corridors). Selective vaccination at population corridors International quarantine, hygiene, isolation, for example, cattle movement only if bovine TB free |
EID, emerging infectious disease; SARS, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.