Table 2.
Maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) (±SE) of annual probabilities of surviving (ϕ), becoming infected (β), breeding (Ψ) and remaining within the same social state (r), according to the best models, respectively, for females and males (shown in Table 1). H: high‐ranking, L: low‐ranking
| Process | Effects | MLE ± SE | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ♀ | ♂ | ||
| ϕ | H susceptible cubs [C.H.S] | 0.87 ± 0.05 | 0.86 ± 0.06 |
| L susceptible cubs [C.L.S] | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.78 ± 0.10 | |
| H infected cubs [C.H.I] | 0.73 ± 0.05 | 0.68 ± 0.07 | |
| L infected cubs [C.L.I] | 0.56 ± 0.07 | 0.50 ± 0.10 | |
| H susceptible subadults [SA.H.S] | 0.93 ± 0.06 | –a | |
| L susceptible subadults [SA.L.S] | 0.84 ± 0.17 | –a | |
| H infected and recovered subadults [SA.(I&R)] | 0.66 ± 0.03 | –a | |
| L infected and recovered subadults [SA.(I&R)] | 0.60 ± 0.04 | –a | |
| H and L susceptible pre‐breeders [PB.S] | – | 0.87 ± 0.08 | |
| H infected and recovered pre‐breeders [PB.(I&R)] | – | 0.64 ± 0.04 | |
| L infected and recovered pre‐breeders [PB.(I&R)] | – | 0.58 ± 0.04 | |
| H and L non‐breeders [NB] | 0.83 ± 0.01 | –a | |
| H breeders [B.H] | 0.95 ± 0.01 | 0.70 ± 0.02 | |
| L breeders [B.L] | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.82 ± 0.01 | |
| β | H cubs [C.H] | 0.59 ± 0.09 | 0.67 ± 0.09 |
| L cubs [C.L] | 0.83 ± 0.07 | 0.91 ± 0.08 | |
| H subadults, breeders and non‐breeders [SA.H & B.H & NB.H] | 0.36 ± 0.06 | – | |
| L subadults, breeders and non‐breeders [SA.L & B.L & NB.L] | 0.23 ± 0.06 | – | |
| H and L pre‐breeders [PB] | – | 0.80 ± 0.10 | |
| H and L breeders [B] | – | 0.45 ± 0.09 | |
| Ψ | H subadults [SA.H →B.H] | 0.04 ± 0.02 | – |
| L subadults [SA.L →B.L] | 0.01 ± 0.01 | – | |
| H non‐breeders [NB.H →B.H] | 0.68 ± 0.02 | – | |
| L non‐breeders [NB.L →B.L] | 0.60 ± 0.03 | – | |
| H breeders [B.H →B.H] | 0.49 ± 0.02 | – | |
| L breeders [B.L →B.L] | 0.45 ± 0.03 | – | |
| H and L pre‐breeders [PB (H&L) → B(H&L)] | – | 0.40 ± 0.02 | |
| r | H remaining H | 0.94 ± 0.01 | – |
| L remaining L | 0.97 ± 0.01 | – | |
| L and H remaining within their social state | – | 0.92 ± 0.01 | |
In males, subadults are included in the pre‐breeder category.
In males, once males became reproductively active, they were assumed to have a continuous interest in reproduction, as they do not contribute to the rearing of the young and reproduction in Serengeti hyenas is year‐round, without any obvious seasonality (Hofer & East, 1995).
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