Table 3.
Multivariable regression analysis of determinants for child development in rural South Africa*
| Full Scale IQ SD* [95% CI] |
Verbal IQ SD* [95% CI] |
Performance IQ SD* [95% CI] |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental Factors | |||
| Organization of the Environment | 3.62*[0.29, 6.95] | 1.95 [-0.09, 3.99] | 1.67 [-0.21, 3.54] |
| Provision of Play Material | 1.42 [-1.82, 4.65] | 1.79 [-0.19, 3.77] | -0.37 [-2.19, 1.45] |
| Opportunities for Stimulation | 3.00 [-0.21, 6.22] | 1.17 [-0.80, 3.13] | 1.84*[0.03, 3.65] |
| Cleanliness of the Child | 1.36 [-3.76, 6.49] | -0.27 [-3.41, 2.86] | 1.63 [-1.25, 4.52] |
| Socioeconomic Status | 16.00*[0.12, 31.89] | 5.00 [-4.72, 14.72] | 11.00*[2.06, 19.94] |
| Maternal Factors | |||
| Responsivity of the Caregiver | -1.05 [-4.83, 2.74] | -0.60 [-2.92, 1.71] | -0.44 [-2.57, 1.69] |
| Avoidance of Punishment | 4.05*[0.69, 7.42] | 1.75 [-0.32, 3.81] | 2.31* [0.41, 4.20] |
| Promotion of Child Development | -1.29 [-5.05, 2.47] | -0.28 [-2.59, 2.01] | -1.00 [-3.13, 1.11] |
| Depressive Symptoms 1,6, 12 mo. | -2.83 [-6.46, 0.80] | 0.79 [-3.00, 1.44] | -2.04*[-4.09, -0.00] |
| Depressive Symptoms 24, 36 mo. | 2.73 [-0.65, 6.12] | 2.21* [0.13, 4.28] | 0.53 [-1.38, 2.44] |
| Depressive Symptoms 60 mo. | -1.17 [-5.20, 2.86] | -1.24 [-3.70, 1.22] | 0.07 [-2.20, 1.23] |
| Maternal Education > 7/10years | 1.02 [-2.29, 4.34] | 0.86 [-1.17, 2.89] | 0.16 [-1.71, 2,02] |
* Estimates in the tables above are adjusted for site, birthweight, field assessors, and all other variables in the table.
* SD: WPPSI Score Difference
* P-value < 0.05