Table 1.
Summary of all the studies included in the review with their results
| Authors | Publication Year | First Year | Last Year | Period Years | Country | HDI Group | HDI score | Study Type | Study Design | Total live births | MNM cases | MNM rate | MM cases | MM rate | MNM Haemorrhage % | MNM Hypertension % | MNM Sepsis % | MNM Others % | MNM immigrants | MNM ethnicity | MNM Maternal age | G1 in MNM % | Parity in MNM | GA < 37 weeks in MNM % | Caesarean rate in MNM % | Neonatal near miss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adisasmita et al. [11] | 2008 | 2003 | 2004 | 1 | Indonesia | 3 | 0.694 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 5669 | 763 | 134.6 | 127 | 2240 | 40.6 | 32.3 | NR | 16.3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Driul et al. [12] | 2008 | 1998 | 2008 | 10 | Italy | 1 | 0.88 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 18936 | 95 | 5.0 | 1 | 5.4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| Roost et al. [13] | 2009 | 2006 | 2007 | 1 | Bolivia | 3 | 0.693 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 8136 | 401 | 49.3 | 15 | 187.0 | 48 | 46 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| Almerie et al. [14] | 2010 | 2006 | 2008 | 2 | Syria | 4 | 0.536 | single-centre | Retrospective case-control | 28025 | 901 | 32.1 | 15 | 54.8 | 34 | 52 | 2.8 | NR | NR | NR | Mean 28.4 years | 28 | P0 28%; P1-3 40.8%; P≥4 (31.1%) in NM | NR | 54% | NR |
| Shrestha et al. [15] | 2010 | 2009 | 2009 | 1 | Nepal | 3 | 0.574 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 1562 | 36 | 23.0 | 5 | 324.0 | 41.6 | 27.7 | 19.4 | 8.3 | NR | NR | Mean 27 years | 30.5 | G1 NM= 30.5% | NR | NR | 2.77% shoulder dystocia |
| Souza et al. [16] | 2010 | 2005 | 2005 | 1 | Multicountry | 0.745 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 97095 | 2964 | 34.0 | 25 | 26 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ||
| Ali et al. [17] | 2011 | 2008 | 2010 | 2 | Sudan | 4 | 0.502 | single-centre | Retrospective cohort | 9578 | 205 | 21.4 | 41 | 432.0 | 40.8 | 18 | 21.5 | NR | NR | NR | Mean 25.5 years | NR | Mean 3.01 in NM | NR | NR | NR |
| Amaral et al. [18] | 2011 | 2005 | 2005 | 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 4491 | 95 | 21.1 | 4 | 89 | 17.9 | 57.8 | 14.3 | 17.8 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 60 perinatal deaths | |
| Donati et al. [19] | 2011 | 2004 | 2005 | 1 | Italy | 1 | 0.88 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 539382 | 1259 | 2.3 | NR | NR | 40 | 29 | 3 | 25 | Immigrants OR 3 | NR | ≥ 35 years 2.8/1000 | NR | Not specified | NR | 70% | NR |
| Jayaratnam et al. [20] | 2011 | 2009 | 2010 | 1 | Australia | 1 | 0.939 | single-centre | Prospective longitudinal | NR | 17 | 6.0 | NR | NR | 40 | 12 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | NR | NR | NR |
| Kaye et al. [21] | 2011 | 2010 | 2010 | 1 | Uganda | 4 | 0.516 | single-centre | Prospective cohort | 140 | 21 | 150.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Mean 3.3 | NR | 67.90% | NR |
| Lobato et al. [22] | 2012 | 2008 | 2008 | 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | single-centre | Retrospective review | 1163 | 27 | 23.2 | NR | NR | 4 | 80 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | NR | NR | NR |
| Souza et al. [23] | 2012 | 2009 | 2010 | 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 82388 | 770 | 9.3 | 140 | 170.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | NR | NR | NR |
| Adeoye et al. [24] | 2013 | 2006 | 2007 | 1 | Nigeria | 4 | 0.532 | multi-centre | Prospective case-control | 375 | 75 | 200.0 | NR | NR | 45.3 | 37.3 | 18.6 | NR | NR | NR | >40 years 5.3% | NR | 1-2 (61.3%); 3-4 (25.3%); 5 or more (13.4%) in NM | NR | NR | NR |
| Jabir et al. [25] | 2013 | 2010 | 2010 | 1 | Iraq | 3 | 0.685 | multi-centre | Cross-sectional | 25472 | 129 | 5.1 | 16 | 62.8 | 65.9 | 21 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | NR | 67.83% | NR |
| Karolinski et al. [26] | 2013 | 2008 | 2009 | 1 | Argentina | 1 | 0.825 | multi-centre | Cross-sectional | 65033 | 518 | 8.0 | 34 | 52.3 | 36.7 | 31.1 | 4.4 | 15.3 | NR | NR | >35 years in 21.8%, <20 years in 16.1% | 26.6 | 26.6% P0; 37.5% >P3 in NM | NR | 80.1 | NR |
| Nelissen et al. [27] | 2013 | 2009 | 2011 | 2 | Tanzania | 4 | 0.538 | single-centre | Prospective longitudinal | 9136 | 216 | 23.6 | 32 | 350.3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | NR | NR | NR |
| Roopa et al. [28] | 2013 | 2011 | 2012 | 1 | India | 3 | 0.64 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 7390 | 131 | 17.8 | 23 | 313.0 | 44.2 | 23.6 | 16 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 58 | NR | NR | NR | |
| Shen et al. [29] | 2013 | 2008 | 2012 | 4 | China | 2 | 0.752 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 18104 | 69 | 3.8 | 3 | 16.0 | 36.1 | 31.7 | NR | NR | aOR in Immigrants 2.34 (95% CI, 0.45–24.9) | NR | Mean 28 ± 5 years | 76.8 | G1 76.8% in NM | NR | 89.9 | 40% admission to neonatal ICU |
| Tuncalp et al. [3] | 2013 | 2010 | 2011 | 1 | Multicountry | 0.649 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 314623 | 1667 | 5.3 | 360 | 114.4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | MNM by groups: 0.8% HDI 1-2, 0.5% HDI 3, 1.1% HDI 4 | NR | ≥35 years 10.6% | NR | G1 37.3% of the total | NR | NR | NR | |
| Wahlberg et al. [30] | 2013 | 1998 | 2007 | 9 | Sweden | 1 | 0.933 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 914474 | 2655 | 2.9 | 22 | 2.4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Specified by groups of origin | NR | Specified by groups of origin | NR | Specified by groups of origin | NR | NR | NR |
| Abalos et al. [31] | 2014 | 2004 | 2008 | 4 | Multicountry | 0.655 | multi-centre | Cross-sectional | 313030 | 1227 | 3.9 | 204 | 65.2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | P2-4 51.9% in no preeclampsia group; 45.6 % in preeclampsia; P1 61.6% in eclampsia group | NR | NR | NR | |
| David et al. [32] | 2014 | 2008 | 2008 | 1 | Mozambique | 4 | 0.437 | multi-centre | Cross-sectional | 27916 | 564 | 20.2 | 71 | 254.0 | 58 | 35.5 | 3.9 | NR | NR | NR | 14-19 (23.6%), 20-24 (27%), 25-29 (26.2%), 30-34 (16.7%), ≥35 (6.6%) | 33.9 | 0 (33.9%); 1 (20.47%); 2-4 (40.6%); ≥5 (4.8%) in NM | NR | 56.6 | NR |
| Galvao et al. [33] | 2014 | 2011 | 2012 | 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | multi-centre | Cross-sectional/Nested case-control | 16243 | 77 | 4.7 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 84.4% non white; 15.6% white | < 35 years 73.9%; ≥35 years 26.1% | NR | Not specified | NR | 74.5 | NR |
| Litorp et al. [34] | 2014 | 2012 | 2012 | 1 | Tanzania | 4 | 0.538 | multi-centre | Cross-sectional | 13121 | 467 | 35.6 | 77 | 587.0 | 13 | 42 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Mean 26 years | 43 | P0 (43%); 1-4 (50%); >4(3.9%); in NM | NR | 35 | NR |
| Luexay et al. [35] | 2014 | 2011 | 2011 | 1 | Laos | 3 | 0.601 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 1215 | 11 | 9.1 | 2 | 178.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Lao (70.6%); tribes (18.3%) | Mean 24.4 years | 43 | G1 43% of the total | 12.8 | NR | NR |
| Lumbiganon et al. [36] | 2014 | 2015 | 2011 | 1 | Multicountry | - | multi-centre | Cross-sectional | 314623 | 2365 | 7.5 | NR | NR | NR | 8.1 | 28.1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | NR | NR | NR | |
| Mazhar et al. [37] | 2014 | 2011 | 2011 | 1 | Pakistan | 4 | 0.562 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 13175 | 94 | 7.1 | 38 | 299.0 | 48.5 | 25.8 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 20-40 years 96.2 % | 37 | G1 37% in NM | 47 | 49 | NR |
| Pacheco et al. [38] | 2014 | 2011 | 2011 | 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 2291 | 24 | 10.5 | 3 | 130.9 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | NR | 29.7 | NR |
| Pandey et al. [39] | 2014 | 2011 | 2012 | 1 | India | 3 | 0.64 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 6357 | 633 | 120.0 | 247 | 4684.0 | 45.6 | 24.2 | 7.5 | 8.7 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| Rocha Filho et al. [40] | 2014 | 2009 | 2010 | 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 82144 | 770 | 9.4 | 140 | 170.4 | 43.5 | NR | NR | 56.5 | NR | 43.1% white; 56.9% non white | ≥40 years 7% | 38.9 | G1 38.9% in NM | 72.3 | 89.5 | NR |
| Assarag et al. [41] | 2015 | 2012 | 2012 | 1 | Morocco | 3 | 0.667 | multi-centre | Retrospective case-control | 299 | 80 | 267.6 | NR | NR | 39 | 45 | 10 | 5 | NR | NR | Mean 29.2 years | 50 | P1 (50%); 2-3 (39%); ≥4 (11%) in NM | NR | 66 | NR |
| Bashour et al. [42] | 2015 | 2011 | 2015 | 4 | Multicountry (Egypt, Lebanon, Palestine and Syria) | 0.616 | multi-centre | Cross-sectional | 9063 | 71 | 7.8 | 6 | 66.2 | 100 | 15.4 | NR | 30.9 | NR | NR | NR | NR | (Egypt 40.7%) 3-4; (Lebanon 60%) 0; (Palestine 43.8%) >5; (Syria 27.8%) 0, 1-2, 3-4 | NR | Egypt 65.6%; Lebanon 100%; Palestine 50%; Syria 61.1% | NR | |
| Cecatti et al. [43] | 2015 | 2009 | 2010 | 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | multi-centre | Cross-sectional | 9555 | 770 | 80.6 | 16 | 170.0 | 40.5 | 45.3 | 5.7 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | NR | NR | NR |
| Hassan et al. [44] | 2015 | 2011 | 2012 | 1 | Palestine | - | single-centre | Prospective longitudinal | 1558 | 15 | 9.6 | NR | NR | 16.4 | 4.2 | 2.5 | 26.9 | NR | NR | NR | 16.2 | G1= 253 (16.2%) of the total | NR | 2420.00% | 0.6% admision UCI, 14 perinatal deaths | |
| Kulkarni et al. [45] | 2015 | 2012 | 2013 | 1 | India | 3 | 0.64 | multi-centre | Prospective longitudinal | 19176 | 884 | 46.1 | 94 | 490.2 | 7.7 | 53.4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Mean 25.8 years | 41 | 41% G1 in NM | NR | NR | NR |
| Madeiro et al. [46] | 2015 | 2012 | 2013 | 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | single-centre | Cross-sectional / Prospective longitudinal | 5841 | 56 | 9.6 | 10 | 171.2 | 100 | 86.1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | <20 years 25.8% | NR | ≥4 13.6% in NM | 54.8 | 87.5 | NR |
| Naderi et al. [47] | 2015 | 2013 | 2013 | 1 | Iran | 2 | 0.798 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 19908 | 501 | 25.2 | 2 | 10 | 46.1 | 31.9 | NR | 15.2 | NR | NR | NR | 41.5 | NR | 54.2 | NR | |
| Oladapo et al. [48] | 2015 | 2012 | 2013 | 1 | Nigeria | 4 | 0.532 | multi-centre | Prospective longitudinal | 91724 | 1451 | 15.8 | 998 | 1088.0 | 49 | 20.5 | 2.5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | NR | NR | perinatal deaths 60.5/1000 live births |
| Oliveira et al. [49] | 2015 | 2006 | 2007 | 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 19940 | 255 | 12.8 | 56 | 280.8 | 53.7 | 62.7 | NR | NR | NR | 57.3% mixed, 17.6% white, 7.1% black | ≥35 years 11.8% | 44.7 | G1 44.7% in NM | 54.5 | 76.4 | NR |
| Rulisa et al. [50] | 2015 | 2011 | 2012 | 1 | Rwanda | 4 | 0.524 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 1739 | 192 | 110.4 | 50 | 2875.2 | 19.3 | 28.6 | 30.2 | NR | NR | NR | ≥35 years 15.6% | NR | Not specified | 45 | 45.5 | NR |
| Sangeeta et al. [51] | 2015 | 2012 | 2013 | 1 | India | 3 | 0.64 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 6892 | 27 | 4.0 | 8 | 116 | 40.7 | 26 | 7.4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| Soma-Pillay et al. [52] | 2015 | 2013 | 2014 | 1 | South Africa | 3 | 0.699 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 26614 | 136 | 5.1 | 19 | 71.4 | 37.5 | 32.4 | 10.3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 29 | NR | NR | NR | |
| Okusanya et al. [53] | 2016 | 1993 | 2013 | 20 | Nigeria | 4 | 0.532 | single-centre | Retrospective cross-sectional | 30553 | 116 | 3.8 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 20-24 n=3; 25-29 n=31; 30-34 n=40; 35-39 n=33; 40-44 n=9 | NR | 0 n=6; 1 n=20 ; 2 n=27; 3 n=35; 4 n=14; 5 n=14 | NR | NR | NR |
| de Mucio et al. [54] | 2016 | 2013 | 2013 | 1 | Latin America (12 countries) | 0.723 | multi-centre | Cross-sectional | 3196 | 37 | 11.6 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | 13.3 | NR | NR | |
| Domingues et al. [55] | 2016 | 2011 | 2012 | 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | multi-centre | Retrospective case-control | 23984 | 244 | 10.2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 56.1% mixed; 33.8% white; 8.6% black; 1.1% asian; 0.4% indigenous of the total | NR | 46.9 | P0 46.9%; P1 29.4%; 2-3 18.8%; >4 4.9% | NR | 43.7 | NR |
| El Ghardallou et al. [56] | 2016 | 2012 | 2012 | 1 | Tunisia | 2 | 0.735 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 9957 | 58 | 5.8 | 1 | 10.0 | 74.1 | 20.7 | NR | 25.9 | NR | NR | Mean 32 ± 5.2 years, >39 years 12.1% | 36.2 | G1= 36.2% in NM | NR | 66.7 | 15.4% neonatal death, 48.5% (n=16) ICU admission |
| Jayaratnam et al. [57] | 2016 | 2014 | 2015 | 1 | Australia | 1 | 0.939 | single-centre | Prospective longitudinal | 2080 | 10 | 4.8 | NR | 4.8 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | NR | NR | No |
| Kalisa et al. [58] | 2016 | 2014 | 2014 | 1 | Rwanda | 4 | 0.524 | single-centre | Prospective cohort | 3979 | 86 | 21.6 | 13 | 325.0 | 57 | 31.4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | NR | 43 | No |
| Lima et al. [59] | 2016 | 2009 | 2010 | 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 4617 | 50 | 10.8 | 10 | 216 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 54.3 | NR | NR | NR | |
| Mohammadi et al. [60] | 2016 | 2012 | 2014 | 2 | Iran | 2 | 0.798 | multi-centre | Retrospective case-control | 12965 | 82 | 6.3 | 12 | 92.6 | 35 | 32 | 7 | NR | NR | NR | ≥35 years n=124 | 23 | G1 n=495 (23% G1 in NM) | 48 | 81 | 204 perinatal deaths |
| Nakimuli et al. [61] | 2016 | 2013 | 2014 | 1 | Uganda | 4 | 0.516 | multi-centre | Prospective cohort | NR | 695 | 8.4 | 130 | 503.0 | 26.5 | 22 | 11.8 | NR | NR | NR | ≥25 years 55.7% | 26.5 | G1 n=184 (26.5%) of NM | NR | 78% | NR |
| Nansubuga et al. [62] | 2016 | 2013 | 2013 | 1 | Uganda | 4 | 0.516 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 1557 | 434 | 278.7 | NR | NR | 55 | 0.2 | 3.5 | 4.1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not specified | NR | NR | NR |
| Norhayati et al. [63] | 2016 | 2014 | 2014 | 1 | Malaysia | 2 | 0.802 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 21579 | 47 | 2.2 | 2 | 9.3 | 80.9 | 21.3 | NR | 38.3 | NR | NR | Mean 33.2(6.03) years, >35years 42.6% | NR | Not specified | NR | 63.80% | 19.1% perinatal death , 63.2% admitted to neonatal ICU |
| Parmar et al. [64] | 2016 | 2012 | 2012 | 1 | India | 3 | 0.64 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 1929 | 46 | 23.9 | 18 | 933.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 42 | NR | 39% perinatal death | |
| Rathod et al. [65] | 2016 | 2011 | 2013 | 2 | India | 3 | 0.64 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 21992 | 161 | 7.6 | 66 | 300 | 26.7 | 11.8 | 11.5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| Tanimia et al. [66] | 2016 | 2012 | 2013 | 1 | Papua New Guinea | 4 | 0.544 | single-centre | Prospective longitudinal | 13338 | 122 | 9.1 | 9 | 67.5 | 38 | 32 | 7.4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Bolnga et al. [67] | 2017 | 2014 | 2016 | 2 | Papua New Guinea | 4 | 0.544 | single-centre | Prospective longitudinal | 6019 | 153 | 25.4 | 10 | 166.0 | 42.5 | 22.2 | 16.3 | 3.3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 26.80% | NR |
| Goldenberg et al. [68] | 2017 | 2014 | 2016 | 2 | Multicountry (Congo, Guatemala, India, Kenia, Pakistan and Zambia) | 0.593 | multi-centre | Prospective longitudinal | 122707 | 4866 | 39.7 | 190 | 155.0 | 79 | 42 | 75 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| Herklots et al. [69] | 2017 | 2016 | 2016 | 1 | Tanzania | 4 | 0.538 | single-centre | Cross-sectional | 4125 | 37 | 6.7 | 28 | 678.8 | 29.7 | 24.3 | 10.8 | 2.7 | NR | NR | <20 years 12.3%; 20-35 years 66.2%; >35 years 21.5% | 20 | P0 20%; P1-4 60%; P>4 20% | NR | 63 | NR |
| Khan et al. [70] | 2017 | 2009 | 2011 | 2 | India | 3 | 0.64 | single-centre | Retrospective cross-sectional | 20556 | 302 | 14.7 | 67 | 325.0 | 63.6 | 20.5 | 2.6 | NR | NR | NR | Mean 26.7 years | 36.4 | G1 (36.4%); G2-3 (50%); G4-6 (13.6%) | NR | 64.2 | NR |
| Kiruja et al. [71] | 2017 | 2015 | 2015 | 1 | Somalia | 4 | - | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 1385 | 120 | 86.6 | 18 | 1328.0 | 36.7 | 55 | 2.5 | 1.7 | NR | NR | Mean 29.5 years | 2.5 | ≥ 7 (29.2%); 5-6 (10.8%); 2-4 (29.2%); 1 (28.3%); 0 (2.5%) | NR | NR | 21.7% perinatal death |
| Liyew et al. [72] | 2017 | 2015 | 2016 | 1 | Ethiopia | 4 | 0.463 | multi-centre | Cross-sectional | 29697 | 238 | 8.0 | NR | NR | 38 | 53 | 1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Mawarti et al. [73] | 2017 | 2011 | 2012 | 1 | Indonesia | 3 | 0.694 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 3300 | 86 | 26.0 | 29 | 879 | 5.81 | 95 | 4.5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 50 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Mbachu et al. [74] | 2017 | 2015 | 2015 | 1 | Nigeria | 4 | 0.532 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 262 | 52 | 198.5 | 5 | 1908.0 | 24.6 | 28.1 | 1.8 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Mekango et al. [75] | 2017 | 2016 | 2016 | 1 | Ethiopia | 4 | 0.463 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 308 | 103 | 334.4 | NR | NR | 44.7 | 38.8 | 9.7 | NR | NR | NR | ≥40 years n=88 | NR | G1 N=5 | 54.4 | NR | NR |
| Sayinzoga et al. [76] | 2017 | 2016 | 2016 | 1 | Rwanda | 4 | 0.524 | multi-centre | Prospective case-control | 5577 | 201 | 36.0 | 13 | 233.1 | 22.9 | 8.5 | 7.5 | 5 | NR | NR | ≥35 years 60% | 60 | G1 60% | 34 | 52 | 46.1% perinatal death |
| Witteveen et al. [77] | 2017 | Multicountry (Netherlands, Tanzania, Malawi) | 0.648 | multi-centre | Prospective cohort | NR | 2308 | NR | 126 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | MNM% specified by country of origin | NR | Specified by country | NR | Specified by country | NR | NR | NR | ||||
| Awowole et al. [78] | 2018 | 2007 | 2016 | 9 | Nigeria | 4 | 0.532 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 11242 | 43 | 3.8 | NR | NR | 18 | 40 | 12 | NR | NR | NR | Mean 29.2 years | NR | Mean 2 | NR | NR | NR |
| Benimana et al. [79] | 2018 | 2015 | 2015 | 1 | Rwanda | 4 | 0.524 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | NR | 98 | NR | NR | NR | 23.1 | 21.5 | 27.3 | NR | NR | NR | 16-24years (28.9%); 25-34 years (52.1%); ≥35 years (19%) | 17.4 | 0 (17.4%); 1-2 (53.7%); ≥3 (28.9%) | NR | NR | NR |
| Chikadaya et al. [80] | 2018 | 2016 | 2016 | 1 | Zimbabwe | 4 | 0.535 | single-centre | Prospective longitudinal | 11871 | 110 | 9.3 | 13 | 109.5 | 31.8 | 28.2 | NR | 20 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Iwuh et al. [81] | 2018 | 2014 | 2014 | 1 | South Africa | 3 | 0.699 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 19222 | 112 | 5.8 | 13 | 67.6 | 33.9 | 44.6 | 11.6 | NR | NR | NR | <18 years 3.6%; 18-34 years 84.8%; ≥35 years 11.6% | 41.1 | P0 41.1%; P1-4 58%; P5 0.9% | NR | NR | NR |
| Jayaratnam et al. [82] | 2018 | 2014 | 2015 | 1 | Australia | 1 | 0.939 | single-centre | Prospective longitudinal | 2773 | 19 | 7.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Liyew et al. [83] | 2018 | 2015 | 2016 | 1 | Ethiopia | 4 | 0.463 | multi-centre | Prospective cohort | 828 | 207 | 250.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | P 0-2 (79.2%); P3-4 (15.5%); P>5 (5.3%) | 40.6 | NR | 29.5% perinatal death |
| Oliveira Neto et al. [84] | 2018 | 2013 | 2015 | 2 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 8065 | 60 | 7.4 | 5 | 62 | 64.5 | 25.8 | 6.5 | NR | NR | NR | >35 years 75% | NR | NR | NR | 74 | NR |
| Tura et al. [85] | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 1 | Ethiopia | 4 | 0.463 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 7404 | 594 | 80.2 | 28 | 378 | 36 | 45.6 | 21.2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| Woldeyes et al. [86] | 2018 | 2015 | 2015 | 1 | Ethiopia | 4 | 0.463 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 2737 | 138 | 50.4 | 24 | 877.0 | 22.5 | 21 | 10.1 | 5.8 | NR | NR | NR | 41.6 | NR | NR | 25.7 | NR |
| Yang et al. [87] | 2018 | 2012 | 2015 | 3 | China | 2 | 0.752 | single-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 14105 | 265 | 18.8 | 10 | 70.9 | 36.9 | 49 | NR | NR | NR | NR | ≥35 years 2.54% | 22.3 | G1-2 2.33% | 5.36 | NR | 35 perinatal deaths |
| Herklots et al. [88] | 2019 | 2017 | 2018 | 1 | Tanzania | 4 | 0.538 | single-centre | Prospective longitudinal | 26842 | 256 | 9.5 | 79 | 294 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Jayaratnam et al. [89] | 2019 | 2015 | 2016 | 1 | Timor | 3 | 0.625 | single-centre | Prospective longitudinal | 4529 | 39 | 8.0 | 30 | 662 | 25 | 25 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 50 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Oppong et al. [90] | 2019 | 2015 | 2015 | 1 | Ghana | 3 | 0.592 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 8433 | 288 | 34.2 | 62 | 735 | 12.2 | 41 | 11.1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Zanardi et al. [91] | 2019 | 2009 | 2010 | 1 | Brazil | 2 | 0.759 | multi-centre | Retrospective longitudinal | 82388 | 624 | 7.6 | 113 | 137.1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 37 | NR | 63% | 73.9 | 14.2% perinatal death |