Table 7.

Model tested

Study	Independent variable (X)	Intervening variable (M)	Dependent variable (Y)
Qualitative
Bardosh et al. 2017 [16]	Mobile and text follow up with patients	Service organization at clinic level, clinician norms and practices, availability of local champions staff, adaptability and co-design of strategy, receptivity and capacity of local management	Culture of care
Brewster et al. 2015 [17]	Patient education, follow-up phone calls to patients after discharge, discharge planning, collaboration with post-acute providers	Intrinsic reward to staff --> shift in norms and attitudes	Reduced hospital readmissions
Carrera and Lambooij 2015 [18]	None reported	Mediators: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, self-efficacy, attitudes,social norm Moderator: enabling conditions	Intervention acceptability (providers and patients)
Frykman et al. 2014 [19]	Senior manager and consultant-driven teamwork strategy, senior manager and staff-driven teamwork strategy	Direction, communication, opportunity, motivation	Change in staff behavior
Wiener-Ogilvie et al. 2008 [20]	Guideline implementation	Practice organization (delegation of work to nurses)	Compliance with guidelines
Quantitative—randomized
Atkins et al. 2008 [21]	Training and consultation	Key opinion leader instrumental supportmental health professional instrumental support	Teacher self-reported used of ADHD guidelines
Baer et al. 2009 [22]	Climate for organizational change	Post training agency activities to support use of Motivational Interviewing	Fidelity to intervention (Motivational Interviewing spirit and response to question ratio)
Bonetti et al. 2005 [23]	Audit and feedback	Decision difficulty, behavioral control	Simulated behavior
Garner et al. 2011 [24]	Pay for performance	1. Subjective norms 2. Attitudes toward intervention 3. Perceived control	1. Therapists’ intention to achieve monthly competence 2. Therapists’ intention to achieve targeted threshold
Glisson et al. 2010 [25]	Availability responsiveness and continuity (ARC) Intervention + Multisystemic Therapy quality assurance, pay for performance	Fidelity to multisystemic therapy	Rate of change in child behavior out of home placements
Holth et al. 2011 [26]	Workshop + manual, intensive quality assurance + workshop + manual	Adherence to contingency management and cognitive behavioral therapy techniques	Youth cannabis use
Lee et al. 2018 [27]	Implementation strategy bundles (varied across studies)	Knowledge, skills, social/professional role and identity, environmental resources	Nutrition guideline implementation
Lochman et al. 2009 [28]	Intensive training + feedback, basic training	# of sessions attended, # of objectives completed, # of contacts with trainers, counselor engagement w/clients	Client externalizing behaviors, client social skills, client study skills, client expectancies re: aggression, consistent parenting, client assaultive acts
Rapkin et al. 2017 [29]	Indicators of program activities: cumulative local programs, attendance at local programs, time since most recent local program, personal awareness of programs, cumulative outside programs	Mediators: awareness of free/low cost cancer screening, cancer knowledge, cancer information seeking, having health insurance, annual physical moderator: frequency of library use	Cancer screening attempts to quit smokingtobacco cessation
Rohrbach et al. 1993 [30]	1. Teacher training 2. Principal support intervention	1a. Teacher self-efficacy, 1b. enthusiasm, 1c. preparedness 2a. Principal encouragement, 2b. Principal beliefs about program	Quantity of program implementation
Seys et al. 2018 [31]	Care pathway implementation	Adherence to evidence-based recommendations, level of competence, team climate for innovation, burnout, level of organized care	30-day hospital readmission
Williams et al. 2014 [32]	Information packets and Motivational Interviewing webinar	Attitudes towards EBPs, pressure for change, barriers to EBPs, resources, organizational climate, management support	Motivational Interviewing adoption
Williams et al. 2017 [33]	Availability,Responsiveness, and Continuity (ARC) intervention implementation	Proficiency culture --> evidence-based practice intention, barrier reduction	EBP adoption, EBP use
Quantitative—non-randomized
Aarons et al. 2009 [34]	Agency type	1. organizational support for EBP --> provider attitudes towards EBP 2, 3 organizational support for EBP organizational support for EBP	1,3 provider EBP use2. provider EBP attitudes
Becker et al. 2016 [35]	Training as usual, training + ongoing technical assistance, support from in-house champion, specialized training on change process, monthly conference calls and online forum to support change	Organizational readiness to change (motivation for change, adequacy of resources, staff attributes, organizational climate),perceived intervention characteristics (relative advantage, observability, trialability, compatibility, and complexity)	Adoption
Beenstock et al. 2012 [36]	Main place of work	Propensity to act	Referral of women to smoking cessation services
Beets et al. 2008 [37]	Perception of school climate	1. Beliefs about responsibility to teach program 2. beliefs about responsibility to teach program --> attitudes towards program --> curriculum delivered	1. Attitudes towards program 2. curriculum delivered to schoolwide material usage
Bonetti et al. 2009 [38]	Behavioral intention	Action planning	Placing fissure sealants
Chou et al. 2011 [39]	Receipt of individual performance feedback, clinician input into guideline implementation and quality improvement, clinician expectancy, clinician self-efficacy	Agreement with guidelines, adherence to guidelines, improved knowledge, practice delivery	Fidelity to screening patients for depression
Cummings et al. 2017 [40]	Culture, feedback, leadership and resources	Manager support, coaching conversations, job satisfaction	Conceptual research use, persuasive research use, instrumental research use
David and Schiff 2017 [41]	Child-parent psychotherapy social network Child-parent psychotherapy supervision	Self-efficacy	Number of child-parent psychotherapy cases, intention to use child-parent psychotherapy
Edmunds et al. 2014 [42]	Time following training	Time spent in consultation	Knowledge of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety, attitudes towards EBPs
Gnich et al. 2018 [43]	Pay-per item financial incentive	Knowledge, skills, social/professional role and identity, beliefs about consequences, motivation and goals (intention), environmental context and resources, social influences (norms), emotion, behavioral regulation	Fluoride varnish delivery
Guerrero et al. 2018 [44]	Top manager transformational leadership	Middle managers’ implementation leadership	Employee attitudes towards EBPs, EBP implementation
Huis et al. 2013 [45]	individual and organization targeted strategies (education, reminders, feedback), individual and organizational targeted strategies + team and leader strategy	Social influence, leadership, performance feedback	Handwashing fidelity
Little et al. 2015 [46]	Community priority, organizational support, program champion	beliefs about effectiveness of interventions --> funding to adopt program	Adoption
Llasus et al. 2014 [47]	EBP knowledge	Self confidence in one's EBP competencies (defined as readiness)	EBP implementation behaviors
Nelson and Steele 2007 [48]	EBP training, openness of clinical setting to EBPs	Positive attitudes towards treatment research, negative attitudes towards treatment research	EBP use
Potthoff et al. 2017 [49]	Action planning, coping planning	Habit	Clinical behaviors (prescribing, advising, examining)
Presseau et al. 2016 [50]	Printed informational materials	Attitudes toward prescribing, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention to prescribe	Self-reported prescribing behavior
Simmonds et al. 2012 [51]	Intolerance of uncertainty	Treatment orientation toward back pain	Recommendations to return to work 2. recommendations to return to usual activities,estimated risk of back pain disability
Stockdale et al. 2018 [52]	Health care team communication	Patient-provider communication	Patient satisfaction with primary care provider
Wanless et al. 2015 [53]	Use of responsive classroom practices, global emotional support, self-efficacy, collective responsibility	Teacher training engagement	Fidelity to intervention
Yamada et al. 2017 [62]	Instrumental research use, conceptual research use	Organizational context: leadership, culture, evaluation, social capital, informal interactions, formal interactions, resources, slack space, slack staff, slack time	Pain assessment, evidence-based pain procedure use, pain intensity
Mixed methods
Armson et al. 2018 [54]	Implementation tools (printed education materials, informational video, decision aid)	Evidence-based information in guideline, evidence-based information in screening module, discussions with peers, application of implementation tools, discussions with patients, lack of evidence about benefits, patients' screening expectations, fear of misdiagnosis, problems with having patient materials available	Use of breast cancer screening guidelines
Birken et al. 2015 [55]	1. Top manager support 2. Performance reviews 3. Human resources	Mediators: 1a. Performance reviews 1b. Human resources 1c. Training 1d. Funding 1e. Local social network involvement Moderator: 2/3. top manager support	1, 2, 3 middle manager commitment to innovation
Kauth et al. 2010 [56]	Facilitation + workshop, workshop	Job-related barriers, # of contacts with facilitator, time spent in facilitation	% time conducting Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Lukas et al. 2009 [57]	Higher management support, group culture, hierarchical culture	Team effectiveness	Extent of implementation
Panzano et al. 2012 [58]	1. Strategic fit of intervention 2. Climate for innovation	1. Climate for innovation2. Fidelity to intervention	1. Fidelity to intervention 2. Assimilation
Rangachari et al. 2015 [59]	Emails containing intervention information and unit level adherence feedback + brief weekly training	Proactive communication between nurses and physicians emergence of champions	Number of catheter days
Shrubsole et al. 2018 [60]	Tailored training intervention targeting information provision	Mechanisms of Intervention 1 targeting information provision implementation): knowledge, beliefs about consequences, social influence, beliefs about capabilities, environmental context and resources Mechanisms of Intervention 2 targeting implementation of goal setting): beliefs about consequences, social influences, beliefs about capabilities, environmental context and resources	Information provisiongoal setting

Numbering is used to denote match variables across models; not all models tested the same sets of variables