Table 8.
Kazdin criteria
| Association | Specificity | Consistency | Manipulation | Timeline | Gradient | Plausibility | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qualitative | ||||||||
| Bardosh et al. 2017 [16] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Brewster et al. 2015 [17] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Carrera and Lambooij 2015 [18] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Frykman et al. 2014 [19] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Wiener-Ogilvie et al. 2008 [20] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Quantitative—randomized | ||||||||
| Atkins et al. 2008 [21] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Baer et al. 2009 [22] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Bonetti et al. 2005 [23] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| Garner et al. 2011 [24] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Glisson et al. 2010 [25] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Holth et al. 2011 [26] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Lee et al. 2018 [27] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Lochman et al. 2009 [28] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Rapkin et al. 2017 [29] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Rohrbach et al. 1993 [30] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Seys et al. 2018 [31] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| Williams et al. 2014 [32] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Williams et al. 2017 [33] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| Quantitative—non-randomized | ||||||||
| Aarons et al. 2009 [34] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Becker et al. 2016 [35] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Beenstock et al. 2012 [36] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Beets et al. 2008 [37] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Bonetti et al. 2009 [38] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Chou et al. 2011 [39] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Cummings et al., 2017 [40] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| David and Schiff 2017 [41] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Edmunds et al. 2014 [42] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Gnich et al. 2018 [43] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Guerrero et al. 2018 [44] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Huis et al. 2013 [45] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Little et al. 2015 [46] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Llasus et al. 2014 [47] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Nelson and Steele 2007 [48] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Potthoff et al. 2017 [49] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Presseau et al. 2016 [50] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Simmonds et al. 2012 [51] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Stockdale et al. 2018 [52] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Wanless et al. 2015 [53] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Mixed methods | ||||||||
| Armson et al. 2018 [54] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Birken et al. 2015 [55] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Kauth et al. 2010 [56] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Lukas et al. 2009 [57] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Panzano et al. 2012 [58] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Rangachari et al. 2015 [59] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Shrubsole et al. 2018 [60] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
Studies that only tested mediation relationships are not included in this table