Fig. 7.

The effects of repeated applications of LA on the levels of cytokines in the ipsilateral SDH. Multiplex assay was employed to simultaneously detect the concentrations of four cytokines in each particular sample. a The concentration of TNF-α in the five groups with differential treatments. LA at 10 and 30 μM both significantly suppressed the upregulation of TNF-α induced by nerve injury. b The concentration of IL-1β in the five groups. LA at 30 μM other than 10 μM significantly reversed the increased level of IL-1β in the SNI group. c The alteration of IL-6 in the five groups was similar to that of IL-1β. d The level of IL-10 was not statistically different among the five groups. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. sham + veh group; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01 vs. SNI + veh group. n = 5