Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Before and After Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Adjustment Among Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEis) and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARBs) Users
| Characteristics | Medication use | p-value | St. Diff.* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACEi N = 496 (62.3%) |
ARBs N = 300 (37.7%) |
|||
| Physical activity intervention | 249 (50.2%) | 142 (47.3%) | — | — |
| Age, mean (SD) | 78.9 (5.3) | 78.5 (5.1) | .344 | <0.00 |
| Female | 281 (56.7%) | 239 (79.7%) | <.001 | 0.02 |
| Race | <.001 | |||
| White | 383 (77.2%) | 197 (65.7%) | ||
| Black | 77 (15.5%) | 81 (27.0%) | ||
| Other | 36 (7.3%) | 22 (7.3%) | ||
| Education, ≥ high school | 331 (66.7%) | 197 (65.7%) | .758 | 0.02 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD) | 126.9 (18.5) | 129.7 (20.0) | .050 | 0.08 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD) | 67.0 (10.4) | 68.2 (11.2) | .130 | 0.06 |
| Smoking | .856 | |||
| Never | 259 (52.2%) | 161 (53.7%) | ||
| Former | 224 (45.2%) | 130 (43.3%) | ||
| Current | 13 (2.6%) | 9 (3.0%) | ||
| Body mass index | 30.6 (5.6) | 32.0 (5.9) | <.001 | <0.00 |
| Hypertension | 440 (88.7%) | 283 (94.3%) | .008 | 0.10 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 176 (35.5%) | 86 (28.7%) | .047 | <0.00 |
| Diabetes | 198 (39.9%) | 187 (37.7%) | .530 | <0.00 |
| Heart attack | 58 (11.7%) | 28 (9.3%) | .299 | <0.00 |
| Heart failure | 34 (6.9%) | 23 (7.7%) | .667 | <0.00 |
| Arthritis | 85 (17.1%) | 69 (23.0%) | .042 | 0.01 |
| Chronic lung disease | 30 (16.1%) | 51 (17.0%) | .748 | 0.01 |
| SPPB ≤7 | 225 (45.4%) | 131 (43.7%) | .641 | 0.01 |
| Number of antihypertensive drugs | .789 | <0.00 | ||
| 1 | 156 (31.5%) | 95 (32.3%) | ||
| 2 | 223 (45.0%) | 130 (43.3%) | ||
| 3+ | 117 (23.6%) | 73 (24.3%) | ||
| Self-rated overall health | .507 | 0.01 | ||
| Poor | 29 (5.9%) | 10 (3.3%) | ||
| Fair | 114 (23.0%) | 72 (24.0%) | ||
| Good | 258 (52.0%) | 159 (53.0%) | ||
| Very good–excellent | 95 (19.1%) | 59 (19.7%) | ||
| Moderate activity (daily average), mean (SD) | ||||
| Minutes | 25.1 (24.0) | 26.1 (20.3) | .577 | 0.10 |
| Steps | 916.6 (1,126.8) | 870.1 (924.8) | .573 | 0.01 |
| Gait speed (m/s), mean (SD) | 0.81 (0.17) | 0.81 (0.15) | .664 | 0.02 |
| Cognitive assessment (3MSE), mean (SD) | 91.5 (5.5) | 91.5 (5.6) | .970 | 0.05 |
| Session attendance | 64% | 67% | .112 | <0.00 |
*Standardized differences were assessed using weights generated from the propensity score model. A St. Diff. > 0.10 is considered a significant difference between groups. ACEi = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB = angiotensin receptor blockers; IPTW = inverse probability of treatment weight.; 3MSE = Modified Mini-Mental State Examiniation; SD = standard devision; SPPB = short physical performance battery; St. Diff. = standardized differences.