Table 1.
Wave 1 Sample Characteristics (UKHLS Participants With Complete Data)
| White British | South Asian | African Caribbean | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 15,613) | Women (n = 20,203) | Men (n = 2,223) | Women (n = 2,227) | Men (n = 1,034) | Women (n = 1,478) | |
| Age (years) | 48.7 (18.4) | 48.2 (18.3) | 37.6 (15.2)* | 36.1 (13.8)* | 41.2 (16.5)* | 40.1 (14.7)* |
| Age range (%) | ||||||
| 18–34 | 24.9 | 26.0 | 48.8 | 53.2 | 37.8 | 39.3 |
| 35–49 | 26.8 | 28.0 | 30.1 | 29.9 | 36.7 | 37.4 |
| 50–59 | 16.7 | 16.5 | 11.2 | 9.5 | 11.0 | 12.6 |
| 60+ | 31.6 | 29.5 | 9.8* | 7.4* | 14.5* | 10.7* |
| Education (%) | ||||||
| Below GCSE/no education | 15.8 | 9.6 | 17.9 | 23.1 | 14.2 | 14.9 |
| Up to GCSE or equivalent | 42.7 | 41.3 | 27.3 | 30.9 | 32.6 | 32.0 |
| Up to A-level or equivalent | 13.6 | 10.1 | 13.1 | 14.7 | 14.9 | 13.0 |
| Degree and higher | 27.9 | 29.1 | 41.7* | 31.4* | 38.3* | 40.1* |
| Marital status (%) | ||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 54.0 | 48.1 | 63.0* | 65.0* | 41.3* | 31.1* |
| Single | 31.5 | 27.8 | 32.9 | 22.5 | 46.6 | 47.6 |
| Separated | 1.9 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 7.3 |
| Divorced | 8.3 | 11.5 | 1.4 | 3.9 | 6.0 | 9.0 |
| Widowed | 4.3 | 9.8 | 0.9 | 4.2 | 2.5 | 5.1 |
| Country of birth (%) | ||||||
| Born in the United Kingdom | 97.5 | 97.7 | 28.4* | 35.7* | 27.1* | 29.8* |
| Employment (%) | ||||||
| Currently employed | 58.1 | 52.1 | 62.4* | 35.4* | 49.8* | 50.3 |
| Functional limitations (%) | 25.6 | 33.2 | 22.7* | 34.0 | 17.8* | 29.5* |
| SF12 PCS | 49.4 (11.3) | 48.9 (12.1) | 51.0 (10.2)* | 48.8 (11.3) | 52.2 (9.8)* | 49.8 (11.2)* |
| Functional disability (%) | 19.8 | 22.6 | 13.1* | 16.1* | 11.1* | 14.9* |
| Long-term limiting illness (%) | 38.6 | 39.7 | 21.7* | 24.2* | 20.9* | 25.2* |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | 9.6 | 5.8 | 5.4* | 3.0* | 2.9* | 2.5* |
| Diabetes (%) | 7.0 | 4.8 | 10.1* | 9.4* | 6.4 | 6.5* |
| Age of diabetes diagnosis | 52.6 (17.2) | 51.2 (18.3) | 45.8 (13.5)* | 40.6 (15.0)* | 47.9 (14.6)* | 46.1 (14.5)* |
| Hypertension (%) | 20.8 | 19.7 | 11.1* | 11.1* | 13.4* | 19.0 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.5 (7.7) | 23.1 (10.9) | 22.9 (9.3)* | 20.7 (11.9)* | 22.7 (11.2)* | 21.3 (14.6)* |
Note: Data presented as mean (SD) or percentages as appropriate.
PCS = Physical Component Score; UKHLS = UK Household Longitudinal Study.
*Ethnic group comparisons with White British as reference category, p < .05.