Table 3.
Cognitive Measures After Vitamin D3 Supplementation
| Domain and Test Parameter | 600 IU/d | 2,000 IU/d | 4,000 IU/d | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memory and learning | ||||
| Paired Associates Learning (PAL) | ||||
| Total errors (adjusted) | 27.7 ± 20.0a | 12.7 ± 11.2b | 27.1 ± 17.1ab | .004 |
| Total trials (adjusted) | 15.0 ± 3.7a | 19.1 ± 4.4b | 14.9 ± 3.4a | .022 |
| Stages completed on first trial | 5.0 ± 1.0a | 5.8 ± 0.8b | 4.9 ± 0.8a | .017 |
| Executive Function | ||||
| Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) | ||||
| Problems solved in minimum moves | 7.3 ± 1.8 | 7.3 ± 2.3 | 7.8 ± 1.7 | .724 |
| Initial thinking time (two moves) (ms) | 3,066 ± 2,106 | 2,348 ± 1,333 | 1,300 ± 930 | .405 |
| Intra/Extra-Dimensional Set Shift (IED) | ||||
| Total errors (adjusted) | 15.3 ± 12.8 | 12.0 ± 5.5 | 22.3 ± 17.4 | .114 |
| Total trials (adjusted) | 71.2 ± 7.9a | 72.3 ± 10.9ab | 88.3 ± 29.9b | .033 |
Notes: Values represent means ± SD (n = 42); lower errors for PAL or IED and total trials attempted (IED) and initial thinking time (SOC) indicate better performance. Different superscript letters in the same row indicate significant differences between groups, p < .05. Bold values represent significance, p < .05.