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. 2020 Apr 17;11(10):771–775. doi: 10.1007/s13238-020-00718-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Recapitulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human liver ductal organoids. (A) Immunofluorescence staining for SARS-CoV-2 N protein and E-cadherin in human liver ductal organoids. (B) Two cases of human liver ductal organoids were harvested at indicated time points following SARS-CoV-2 infection to examine the virus load using qRT-PCR. RNP was used as an internal control. (C) Changes in expression of ORF1 in human liver ductal organoids (Org #1 and Org #2) in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection at indicated times. (D) Heatmap showing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SARS-CoV-2-infected organoids (Inf) (24 h) versus the mock (Mo). (E) GO analysis of DEGs. Top 10 enriched biological processes were shown. (F) Two cases of human liver ductal organoids after SARS-CoV-2 infection were harvested to examine the expression of indicated genes using qRT-PCR. GAPDH was used as an internal control. Data were presented as mean ± s.d. * indicates P < 0.05; ** indicates P < 0.01; *** indicates P < 0.001 (G) GSEA enrichment analysis of SARS-CoV-2-infected organoids (48 h) versus the mock for cell junction organization signature genes