Fig. 1. Principle of 3D vectorial holography based on the machine learning inverse design using the MANN.

(A) Schematic of floating display of a 3D vectorial holographic image based on a vectorial hologram, which contains a digital phase hologram and a digital 2D vector field derived from the MANN. (B) Schematic illustration of the generation of an arbitrary 3D vectorial field based on the MANN.